Williamson, Tanja N. Hoefling, Dayle J. 20230518 jpg Lousiville, KY U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KSZ382 Fleford S. Redoloza Tanja N. Williamson Alexander O. Headman Barry J. Allred 20230526 publication n/a Wiley https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20493 Image library of (1) tile-drained landscapes and (2) tile-drain types used for training a machine-learning model that identifies (1) tile-drained landscapes and (2) differentiates two types of tile-drained areas visible in satellite imagery. These images were sourced from WorldView, Quickbird, and GeoEye satellite imagery (copyright DigitalGlobe) and cropped to features of interest. Imagery has a ground resolution of 0.34 - 0.65 m. This is a library of agricultural landscapes with visible tile-drain networks; some examples from surrounding areas, with no visible tile drains, are also included. In the mid-1800s, tile-drains (sub-surface agricultural drainage) were installed in poorly-drained soils of topographic lows as water management to protect cropland during wet conditions; consequently, estimations of tile-drain location have been based on soil series. Most tile drains are in the Midwest, however each state has farms with tile and tile-drain density has increased in the last decade. Where tile drains quickly remove water from fields, groundwater and stream water interaction can change, affecting water availability and flooding. Nutrients and sediment can quickly travel to streams thru tile, contributing to harmful algal blooms and hypoxia in large water bodies. Tile drains are below the soil surface, about 1 m deep, but their location can be visible in satellite imagery as patterns in soil or plant color. Because of the timespan over which tile drains have been used, combined with the fact that they are privately installed and maintained, the condition, distribution, and connectivity of tile drainage to surface-water systems is only generally known. Estimates of the geographic and areal extent of tile drainage are frequently derived from a combination of agricultural-census data with land-cover estimates and soils data. However, landscape classification of remotely-sensed imagery using machine learning (ML) could provide a new method of tile-drain mapping that is independent of bias due to soil properties or historical extent and that can be kept current by incorporation of recent images into analyses. Overall, this information will improve our ability to model how tile drainage affects water balance and availability in addition to the spatial and temporal variability of nutrient concentrations, water temperature, and magnitudes of streamflow. 2008 2020 ground condition In work None planned -88.26416015631 -82.902832031523 44.627692727744 40.218812379331 USGS Thesaurus agriculture USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:5e8c855e82cee42d13465d00 CommonGeographic Names Great Lakes Western Lake Erie USGS Thesaurus Holocene Anthropocene none none Tanja N. Williamson MIDCONTINENT REGION: OHIO-KENTUCKY-INDIANA WSC Research Hydrologist mailing and physical

9818 Bluegrass Parkway

Louisville KY 40299-1906 United States 502-493-1934 tnwillia@usgs.gov copyright DigitalGlobe No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. Citation: Williamson, T.N., Dobrowolski, E.G., Meyer, S.M., Frey, J.W., Allred, B.J., 2019, Delineation of tile-drain networks using thermal and multispectral imagery—Implications for water quantity and quality differences from paired edge-of-field sites: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v. 74, p. 1-11, https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.74.1.1 2019 Satellite imagery catalog.csv Summary table of date, satellite, and ground resolution for images used in library. From metadata associated with original DigitalGlobe imagery. Image_ID An alphanumeric identifier of image as attributed by source DigitalGlobe user defined Name An alphanumeric name that identifies the state; "pan" to indicate that images are panchromatic; the year, month, and day of the imagery; number indicating order in extraction from original satellite image; JPG file extension. This name carries through to the image libraries. user defined user defined Satellite An alphanumeric identifier of the satellite source DigitalGlobe GE01 Satellite name GeoEye01 QB02 Satellite name Quickbird02 QB03 Satellite name Quickbird03 WV01 Satellite name WorldView01 WV02 Satellite name WorldView02 WV03 Satellite name WorldView03 Ground_Resolution Ground resolution of satellite imagery DigitalGlobe 0.34 0.65 meters (m) Tile-drained landscape image library Satellite images cropped to 0.5 km on a side. user defined jpgTiles_POS Example of tile drained landscape (positive library) user defined An alphanumeric numeric name that begins POS; identifies the state; "pan" to indicate that images are panchromatic; the year, month, and day of the imagery; number indicating order in extraction from original satellite image; JPG file extension jpgTiles_NEG Example of landscapes without visible tile drain systems (negative library) user defined An alphanumeric numeric name that identifies the state; "pan" to indicate that images are panchromatic; the year, month, and day of the imagery; number indicating order in extraction from original satellite image; JPG file extension test_pairs Traced and original image pairs used for uncertainty analysis user defined An alphanumeric numeric name that identifies the basin upper Maumee River(upM) or School Branch basin(schBr); the year, month, and day of the imagery; "R#C#" identifies row and column in original satellite image; number indicating order in extraction from original satellite image; "_traced" indicates it is the version with visible tile drains traced; JPG file extension training_pairs Traced and original image pairs used to train UNet model user defined An alphanumeric numeric name that identifies the state or basin; "pan" to indicate that images are panchromatic; the year, month, and day of the imagery; number indicating order in extraction from original satellite image; "_traced" indicates it is the version with visible tile drains traced; JPG file extension upM_2019oct07b_MLdelin Images with features not included in original library and mis-identified by early ML model version user defined An alphanumeric numeric name that identifies the upper Maumee River basin; the year, month, and day of the imagery; "R#C#" identifies row and column in original satellite image; number indicating order in extraction from original satellite image; "_tr" indicates it is the version with visible tile drains traced; JPG file extension; "_tile.png" is the composite of the ML delineated image and the original image. jpgTiles_cropped_patterned Type of tile-drain system - patterned user defined An alphanumeric numeric name that identifies the state; "pan" to indicate that images are panchromatic; the year, month, and day of the imagery; number indicating order in extraction from original satellite image; letter indicating the order of extraction from landscape image; JPG file extension jpgTiles_cropped_topo Type of tile-drain system - topographic-soil user defined An alphanumeric numeric name that identifies the state; "pan" to indicate that images are panchromatic; the year, month, and day of the imagery; number indicating order in extraction from original satellite image; letter indicating the order of extraction from landscape image; JPG file extension Tanja N. Williamson MIDCONTINENT REGION: OHIO-KENTUCKY-INDIANA WSC Research Hydrologist mailing and physical

9818 Bluegrass Parkway

Louisville KY 40299-1906 United States 502-493-1934 tnwillia@usgs.gov Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it may contain copyrighted materials. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. The data have been approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Although the data have been subjected to rigorous review and are substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, the data are released on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from authorized or unauthorized use. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Users of these data are advised to read all metadata and associated documentation thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. 20230601 Tanja N. Williamson MIDCONTINENT REGION: OHIO-KENTUCKY-INDIANA WSC Research Hydrologist mailing and physical

9818 Bluegrass Parkway

Louisville KY 40299-1906 United States 502-493-1934 tnwillia@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998