Ed Grote Erika L Geiger Jayne Belnap Adam L Kind Michael C Duniway 20200409 tabular data Flagstaff, AZ U.S. Geological Survey Grote, Edmund E, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9103-9482; Geiger, Erika L, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4546-3503; Belnap, Jayne, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279; Duniway, Michael C, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9643-2785; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8597-8619 https://doi.org/10.5066/P963O7X8 These data are records collected from an automated weather station and four stand-alone tipping bucket rain gauges each with their own data logger that were in operation between February 2005 and December 2023 in the Badger Wash Study Area near Mack, Colorado as part of a larger project funded by the Bureau of Land Management. These files are hourly-interval data from the automated weather station with meteorological parameters of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, wind gusts, photon flux density and rainfall as well as from a soil pit with temperature and soil moisture measurements at 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 cm deep. The standalone tipping-bucket rain gauge data which records the time of each tip were processed to mimic the hourly interval records of the automated weather station and included rain intensity parameters as well. A separate table created by the data logger in the automated weather station recorded the time of each tip of the its tipping bucket rain gauge those data were processed in the same way as for the standalone tipping buckets. The Badger Wash study area contains paired grazed and ungrazed watersheds which were originally studied from 1954 to 1965 (Lusby 1979). Data collection was conducted using automated weather stations physically visited and maintained by scientists from the Southwest Biological Science Center. These data span the time period from 2005 through 2023. These meteorological data from the Badger Wash Study Area near Mack Colorado are associated with a larger set of studies investigating the effects of grazing on vegetation and runoff (Duniway et al. 2018, Fick et al. 2020) was funded by the Bureau of Land Management. Meteorological data are important for showing short term weather events as well as longer term climate trends. Spatially separated precipitation gauges allow for better characterization of the heterogeneity of precipitation events. Study Area: The main meteorological station is located inside the 1B watershed and may not reflect the micrometeorological conditions in all locations throughout the entire study area. The four standalone rain gauges also may not reflect precipitation experienced in all locations throughout the entire study area. For detailed descriptions of the Badger Wash study area including experimental design, grazing history, climate, vegetation, and soils see all G.C. Lusby cross references. Recent grazing history and grazing design notes: The watersheds open to grazing received the following use as documented by Lusby (1979): from 1954 to 1965 winter grazing by cattle and sheep (November 15 to May 15) and; from 1966 to 1973 sheep only from November 15 to February 15 (1A and 3A) and no grazing in previously grazed pastures 2A and 4A. Although 2 of the 4 grazed watersheds were rested from grazing for a short period (1966 to 1973), we do not split out watersheds 1A and 3A from 2A and 4A here given the small sample size and that the approximately 7 years of rest occurred 30 years earlier. From 1988 on, only cattle were permitted on the allotment. The grazing plan at the time data was collected for this study (2004-2005) was established in approximately 1999 and allows for a moderate level of use, with approximately 182 cattle from January 1 through May 20 (838 animal unit months or AUMs; S. Clark BLM, personal communication). Between 2001 and 2004 the management response to drought was to reduce the time and numbers by 32% for 2001-2002, no grazing for 2002-2003, and 50% reduction for 2003-2004. Data users should read the entire metadata record and acquire any manuscripts identified as ‘Cross Reference' to have a complete understanding of how these data were created and used. The data are specific to the uses identified above and any other use of these data would be inappropriate. See 'Distribution liability' statements for more information. 20050126 20231231 ground condition In work As needed -108.955 -108.926 39.35 39.33 USGS Thesaurus air temperature field inventory and monitoring meteorology precipitation (atmospheric) precipitation measurement rain rainfall measurement soil temperature topography weather weather observations wind ISO 19115 Topic Categories climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere USGS Biocomplexity Thesaurus land ownership precipitation relative humidity water content watershed wind direction None Badger Wash Met Station Badger Wash Study Area Bureau of Land Management elevation leaf wetness meterological measurements micrometeorological conditions plot data rain gauges rain intensity volumetric water content weather station wind speed USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:5df7a102e4b0cdded7393e38 Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Badger Wash Colorado Mack Mesa County No access constraints No use constraints. License, Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal. Ed Grote U.S. Geological Survey Biologist mailing and physical

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Moab UT 84532 United States 928-556-7538 ed_grote@usgs.gov The data authors would like to acknowledge the Bureau of Land Management, Grand Junction Field Office for providing assistance for the research, and Adam Collins and Philip Adams who helped with the installation of scientific instruments and data collection. Michael C. Duniway Erika L. Geiger Tamera J. Minnick Susan L. Phillips Jayne Belnap 2018 ScienceDirect Online Rangeland Ecology and Management https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2018.02.007 Steve Fick Jayne Belnap Michael C. Duniway 2020 ScienceDirect Online Rangeland Ecology and Management https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2019.08.007 Gregg C. Lusby 1979 Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1532I Gregg C. Lusby Vincent H. Reid O. D. Knipe 1971 Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1532D Gregg C. Lusby 1970 Denver, CO Journal of Range Management https://doi.org/10.2307/3896216 Gregg C. Lusby George T. Turner J.R. Thompson Vincent H. Reid 1964 Washington, D.C. U. S. Government Printing Office https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1532B No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted Development of the Plot data table: The latitude and longitude of the five stations were estimated by finding the locations on a GoogleEarth map, adding a Placemark and then pulling the resulting latitude and longitude values from the Properties of the Placemark. 2019 Development of the Met Data table: Data was collected using a Campbell Scientific CR10X data logger which collected data once per day by automated collection via cell phone using the Campbell Scientific Loggernet software. Sensors were measured at 1-minute intervals and averages (or sums) recorded at hourly intervals. Collected data were appended to an Excel spreadsheet, graphed and checked for outliers. 2024 Development of the Rain Intensity data table: Data for the rain intensity table were generated by the data logger with each "tip" of the tipping bucket rain gauge being recorded along with the time of each tip in a table separate from the hour averages table. Typically, in meteorological stations data precipitation amounts are summed over the recording interval and intensity data are lost due to smoothing over the interval. 2024 Development of the Standalone Rain Gauges data table: These data were generated from 'HOBO' precipitation tipping bucket logs or the data from the Rain Intensity table from the Campbell data logger, both of which record a time stamp along for each tip. For each hour, the mm precipitation per hour was tabulated by multiplying the number of tips by 0.254. Hourly min w/ tips was calculated as the number of minutes in an hour with at least one tip recorded. Maximum tips per minute was calculated as the largest number of tips recorded in any minute within the hour. Hours without any records were zero-filled. Process Date was 2019. 2019 Data Quality Assessment and Quality Control (QAQC): The siting of the stations was determined by experienced researchers with expertise in experimental design and knowledge of the ecosystem. Data were collected by trained technicians who followed established protocols. Data were checked by technicians for recording errors and reviewed by experts for quality assurance. Data files are backed up and stored in a secondary location. 2024 Finalize Data for Dissemination: Data sent to the Southwest Biological Science Center Data Steward for dissemination and preservation per USGS Data Management Policies SM 502.6, SM 502.7, SM 502.8 and SM 502.9 (1 October 2016). 2024 Plot Data These data represent information about the location of each plot and the sensors for each station. Producer defined Station These are identifying names given to differentiate the 5 stations from one another. Producer defined A textual description of salient geographic feature at the 5 data collection points, to assist in identifying its location; BW1=Badger Wash 1, BW2 = Badger Wash Two, BW3= Badger Wash Three, BW4 = Badger Wash Four, Badger Wash Met = Badger Wash Meteorological Station. BW represents Badger Wash, an area in west-central Colorado. Land Ownership The Badger Wash Study Area is located on Federal lands adminstered by the Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Producer defined BLM Bureau of Land Management Producer defined Latitude-DMS The angular distance, usually measured in degrees north or south of the equator. Geographic Coordinate System (GCS), World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) datum Producer defined 39°20'0.14"N 39°20'39.3216''N decimal degrees Longitude-DMS The angular distance, usually expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds, of the location of a point on the earth's surface east or west of an arbitrarily defined meridian (usually the Greenwich prime meridian). Geographic Coordinate System (GCS), World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) datum Producer defined 108°56'15.2916''W 108°57'9.73"W decimal degrees Latitude-DD The angular distance, usually measured in degrees north or south of the equator. Geographic Coordinate System (GCS), World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) datum Producer defined 39.33333333 39.34805556 decimal degrees Longitude-DD The angular distance, usually expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds, of the location of a point on the earth's surface east or west of an arbitrarily defined meridian (usually the Greenwich prime meridian). Geographic Coordinate System (GCS), World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) datum Producer defined -108.9527778 -108.9280556 decimal degrees Elev-m Elevation, the vertical distance of a point or object above or below a reference surface or datum (generally mean sea level), in meters. Producer defined 1529 1560 meters Installed Date that a particular meteorological station was set up and became operational. Date is in format of Month/Day/Year of the Gregorian Calenda. Producer defined 2/28/2005 1/26/2018 m/dd/yyyy Removed Date that a particular meteorological station was dismantled and removed from service. Date is in format of Month/Day/Year of the Gregorian Calendar The Badger Wash Met station has a N/A designation for "Not Applicable" because that station has not been removed from service and continues to be in operation. Producer defined 10/16/2018 10/16/2018 mm/dd/yyyy Notes Notes used to provide additional information to the user such as how the data providers determined the latitude and longitude of the station or the web address where the most recent data from that station are posted. Producer defined Miscellaneous information associated with a plot data station location Met Data - 2005-2023 These data represent meteorological data from the Badger Wash Met Station. Producer defined Date and Time Date and time meteorological data was collected at the Badger Wash Met Station (Badger Wash Met) Producer defined 2/28/05 13:00 12/31/2023 23:00 mm/dd/yy hh:mm RH Relative humidity, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 1.589 100 percent AIRTEMP Air temperature, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined -22.58 40.6 degrees Celsius at 2 meters PPFD Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined -0.006 2405 umols/m2/s LEAF KOHM Leaf wetness sensor measures leaf wetness by determining the electrical resistance on the surface of the sensor. Most of the time this sensor is dry and reads 6999. The lower the KOhm number, the wetter it is. NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined -48.05 6999 kiloohm TEMP010 Soil temperature at 10 centimeters depth, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined -1.08 37.18 degrees Celsius at 10 centimeters depth TEMP005 Soil Temperature at 5 centimeter depth, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined -10.4 37.27 degrees Celsius at 5 centimeters depth TEMP060 Soil Temperature at 60 centimeters depth, NAN indicate either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 2.084 24.18 degrees Celsius at 60 centimeters depth TEMP020 Soil Temperature at 20 centimeters depth, NAN indicate either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined -0.513 26.93 degrees Celsius at 20 centimeters depth TEMP040 Soil Temperature at 40 centimeters depth, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0.683 25.68 degrees Celsius at 40 centimeters depth TEMP080 Soil Temperature at 80 centimeters depth, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 1.358 24.61 degrees Celsius at 80 centimeters depth TEMP100 Soil Temperature at 100 centimeters depth, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 3.115 23.41 degrees Celsius at 100 centimeters depth VWC005 Volumetric Water Content at 5 centimeters depth as determined by a Campbell CS615 sensor, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0.041 0.474 L H2O/L soil at 5 centimeters depth VWC010 Volumetric Water Content 10 centimeters depth as determined by a Campbell CS615 sensor, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0.046 0.572 L H2O/L soil at 10 centimeters depth VWC020 Volumetric Water Content at 20 centimeters depth as determined by a Campbell CS615 sensor, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0.099 0.581 L H2O/L soil at 20 centimeters depth VWC040 Volumetric Water Content at 40 centimeters depth as determined by a Campbell CS615 sensor, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0.171 0.531 L H2O/L soil at 40 centimeters depth VWC060 Volumetric Water Content at 60 centimeters depth as determined by a Campbell CS615 sensor, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0.209 0.779 L H2O/L soil at 60 centimeters depth VWC080 Volumetric Water Content at 80 centimeters depth as determined by a Campbell CS615 sensor, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0.325 0.947 L H2O/L soil at 80 centimeters depth VWC100 Volumetric Water Content at 100 centimeters depth as determined by a Campbell CS615 sensor, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0.257 0.986 L H2O/L soil at 100 centimeters depth BATT V Data logger battery voltage, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 11.28 14.08 volts RAIN_MM Precipitation in millimeters, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0 21.34 millimeters WINDSPD Wind Speed, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0.2 15.1 meter per second WINDDIR Wind direction, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Blank cells indicate no recorded data. Producer defined 0.003 360 degrees WINDDIRSD Standard Deviation of wind direction, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Blank cells indicate no recorded data. Producer defined 0 103.8 unitless number PERIOD005 Period Average at 5 centimeters depth as determined by a Campbell CS615 sensor, could be used to recalculate volumetric water content. NAN's indicate either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Blank cells indicate no recorded data. Producer defined 17.7 32.63 milliseconds at 5 centimeters depth PERIOD010 Period Average at 10 centimeters depth as determined by a Campbell CS615 sensor, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Blank cells indicate no recorded data. Producer defined 17.92 35.04 milliseconds at 10 centimeters depth PERIOD020 Period Average at 20 centimeters depth as determined by a Campbell CS615 sensor, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Blank cells indicate no recorded data. Producer defined 20.52 35.23 milliseconds at 20 centimeters depth PERIOD040 Period Average at 40 centimeters depth as determined by a Campbell CS615 sensor, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Blank cells indicate no recorded data. Producer defined 23.44 34.06 milliseconds at 40 centimeters depth PERIOD060 Period Average at 60 centimeters depth as determined by a Campbell CS615 sensor, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Blank cells indicate no recorded data. Producer defined 24.84 39.55 milliseconds at 60 centimeters depth PERIOD080 Period Average at 80 centimeters depth as determined by a Campbell CS615 sensor, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Blank cells indicate no recorded data. Producer defined 28.57 42.7 milliseconds at 80 centimeters depth PERIOD100 Period Average at 100 centimeters depth as determined by a Campbell CS615 sensor, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Blank cells indicate no recorded data. Producer defined 26.45 42.63 milliseconds at 100 centimeters depth Max Wind Spd Maximum instantaneous wind speed, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0.2 19.05 meter per second Time of max Wind speed Hour and minute of the Maximum instantaneous wind speed, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0 2359 hhmm DecDOY Decimal day of the year for use in graphing up, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Blank cells indicate no recorded data. Producer defined 1 366.96 decimal number Rain Intensity - 2008-2023 These data represent all tips of the tipping bucket located at the Badger Wash Met Station along with the time of each tip. These data could be used for rain intensity studies. Producer defined Date and Time Date and time measurements were collected Producer defined 4/7/08 4:52 12/23/23 16:25 mm/dd/yy hh:mm Preciptation_mm measurements that were collected at Badger Wash Met Station Producer defined 0.254 2.54 millimters Stand-Alone Rain Gauges These are data represent measurements from standalone rain gauges that were located at the highest point between each of the four paired watersheds. The BW_Met station tipping bucket data added in here in the same format as the others. Producer defined Timestamp Time and Date Producer defined 1/26/2005 15:00 12/29/2019 12:00 mm/dd/yyyy hr:min BW1 mm/hr Total hourly precipitation from the Badger Wash 1 (BW1) rain gauge, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0 31.496 millimeters BW1 mins w/tips Number of minutes with tips during the reported hour for the Badger Wash 1 (BW1) rain gauge, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0 54 integer number BW1 max tips/min The maximum number of tips per minute for the reported hour from the Badger Wash 1 (BW1) rain gauge, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0 16 integer number BW2 mm/hr Total hourly precipitation from the Badger Wash 2 (BW2) rain gauge, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0 18.288 millimeters BW2 mins w/tips Number of minutes with tips during the reported hour for the Badger Wash 2 (BW2) rain gauge, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0 45 integer number BW2 max tips/min The maximum number of tips per minute for the reported hour from the Badger Wash 2 (BW2) rain gauge, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0 33 integer number BW3 mm/hr Total hourly precipitation from the Badger Wash 3 (BW3) rain gauge, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0 31.496 millimeters BW3 mins w/tips Number of minutes with tips during the reported hour for the Badger Wash 3 (BW3) rain gauge, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0 26 integer number BW3 max tips/min The maximum number of tips per minute for the reported hour from the Badger Wash 3 (BW3) rain gauge, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0 61 integer number BW4 mm/hr Total hourly precipitation from the Badger Wash 4 (BW4) rain gauge, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0 31.496 millimeters BW4 mins w/tips Number of minutes with tips during the reported hour for the Badger Wash 4 (BW4) rain gauge, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0 28 integer number BW4 max tips/min The maximum number of tips per minute for the reported hour from the Badger Wash 4 (BW4) rain gauge, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0 43 integer number BW Weather Met mm/hr Total hourly precipitation from the Badger Wash Met Station (Badger Wash Met) rain gauge, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0 21.082 millimeters BW Weather Met mins w/tips Number of minutes with tips during the reported hour for the Badger Wash Met Station (Badger Wash Met) rain gauge, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0 43 integer number BW Weather Met max tips/min The maximum number of tips per minute for the reported hour from the Badger Wash Met Station (Badger Wash Met) rain gauge, NAN indicates either sensor absent or the reading was erroneous. Producer defined 0 65 integer number U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase U.S.Geological Survey mailing and physical

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Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov The author(s) of these data request that data users contact them regarding intended use and to assist with understanding limitations and interpretation. Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. These file contain data available in comma-separated values (csv) format. The user must have software capable of displaying these machine-readable tabular data tables. 20240911 Ed Grote U.S. Geological Survey Biologist mailing and physical

2290 S West Resource Blvd

Moab UT 84532 United States 928-556-7538 ed_grote@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998