John E. Solder 20200205 spreadsheet Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey Suggested citation: Solder, J.E., 2019, Noble gas isotopes and lumped parameter model results for environmental tracer based groundwater ages, South Rim Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA: U.S. Geological Survey data release,https://doi.org/10.5066/P9WX8N0L https://doi.org/10.5066/P9WX8N0L John E. Solder 2019 publication NA Hydrogeology Journal This data release documents three Microsoft Excel tables; one contains noble gas isotopic data, one contains data for understanding groundwater ages in the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, and one that describe the data fields. Results described include raw noble gas concentrations, environmental tracer concentrations (tritium, tritiogenic helium-3, sulfur hexafluoride, carbon-14, and chlorofluorocarbons), and mean age and age distribution. Noble gas isotopes (NobleGas) contain noble gas isotope concentrations measured for South Rim springs. Samples were collected in pinch clousure copper tubes (Weiss, 1968) and analyzed at the University of Utah Dissolved Gas Lab. Mean age and age distribution results (TracerLPM) contain final models of groundwater age by calibration of lumped parameter models to tracer concentrations (Jurgens and others, 2012). In cases where age was modeled with a binary lumped parameter model (BMM), the mean age was computed from the mean age and fraction of the two components in the mixture. Please see the processing steps below and the main manuscript for additional details on the results presented in this table. Multiple LPMs are provided for a single sample to estimate uncertainty in mean age and age distribution associated with LPM parameter estimates. Dissolved gas and environmental tracer data were collected from springs and compiled for historical data to assess groundwater source and flow-paths to springs along the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA. Data was presumed satisfactory for purposes described in this data release. 19950101 20180101 ground condition Complete None planned -113.0713 -111.5167 36.4390 35.1154 None Dissolved gas Lumped parameter modeling Groundwater age Recharge temperature Groundwater Water quality Grand Canyon South Rim Noble gas isotopes USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:5d5db8e3e4b01d82ce961129 Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Arizona Grand Canyon National Park Havasupai Reservation None Grand Canyon desert southwest south rim none groundwater isotopes groundwater age environmental tracers age tracers noble gas None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. None. Users are advised to read the data set's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. John E. Solder U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologist mailing address

2329 West Orton Circle

West Valley City UT 84119 United States 801-908-5000 801-908-5001 jsolder@usgs.gov Support provided by the National Park Service. Files were created using Microsoft Excel 2007 or later. A compressed (ZIP) file named Groundwater_Age_GrndCyn.zip contains 3 Excel files and 1 metadata file. The zipped file size is 130 KB and the uncompressed file size is 169 KB. John E. Solder 2019 publication TBD Uncertainty in model results are described in the associated publication. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. No spatial reference information are provided with these data. No spatial reference information are provided with these data. Bryant C. Jurgens J. K. Böhlke Sandra M. Eberts 20120719 publication U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods Report 4-F3 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey Suggested citation: Jurgens, B.C., Böhlke, J.K., and Eberts, S.M., 2012, TracerLPM (Version 1): An Excel® workbook for interpreting groundwater age distributions from environmental tracer data: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods Report 4-F3, 60 p., https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/4-f3/. https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/4-f3/ Digital and/or Hardcopy 20120719 publication date TracerLPM (Version 1) Software Manual Paula J Reimer 20130209 publication Radiocarbon Volume 55, Issue 4 Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press Suggested citation: Reimer, P. J.; Bard, Edouard; Bayliss, Alex; Beck, J. W.; Blackwell, P. G.; Bronk Ramsey, Christopher; Buck, C. E.; Cheng, H.; Edwards, R. L.; Friedrich, M.; Grootes, P. M.; Guilderson, T. P.; Haflidason, H.; Hajdas, Irka; Hatte, C; Heaton, T. J.; Hoffman, D.L.; Hogg, A. G.; Hughen, K. A.; Kaiser, K. F.; Kromer, B.; Manning, S. W.; Niu, M.; Reimer, R. W.; Richards, D. A.; Scott, E.M.; Southon, J. R.; Staff, R.A.; Turney, C. S. M.; and Van Der Plicht, Johannes, 2013, IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0–50,000 years cal BP: Radiocarbon, 55(4), p. 1869–1887, https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947. https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947 Digital and/or Hardcopy 20160209 publication date IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves Interpretation of results Robert L. Michel Bryant C. Jurgens Megan B. Young 20180101 publication n/a US Geological Survey http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20185086 Digital and/or Hardcopy 20180101 publication date Tritium input Interpretation of results R.F. Weiss 196812 publication Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts vol. 15, issue 6 n/a Elsevier BV ppg. 695-699 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(68)90082-X Digital and/or Hardcopy 19680101 publication date Copper tube sampler Sample collection Dissolved noble gas data was collected from springs and wells using copper tube pinch clamps (Weiss, 1968). Analysis is described in associated publication by Solder et al. (2019). CFC and SF6 data was corrected for recharge conditions determined by noble gas analysis described in Solder et al. (2019). 20150101 Environmental age tracer data described in Solder et al. (2019) was interpreted to groundwater ages using TracerLPM (Jurgens et al., 2012) and methods described in the associated publication (Solder et al., 2019). Tritium and carbon-14 atmospheric input curves used in TracerLPM are described by Michel et al. (2018) and Reimer et al. (2013, respectively. 20181020 GCsprings_TracerLPM.xlsx Excel Worksheet. GCsprings_TracerLPM contains groundwater age lumped parameter modeling (LPM) results for springs and wells from the South Rim of the Grand Canyon. The table provides detailed output from the Excel® based program TracerLPM (Jurgens and others, 2012). A generalized description of the LPM results table is provided here. Producer defined Columns A through EY Explicit column descriptions are provided in the worksheet titled 'GCsprings_TracerLPM_Description’. National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project Individual samples are identified by the 15-digit USGS Station ID. The Optimization Type, Initial Model Values, LPM name, Free Model Parameters and Tracers Modeled describe the parametrization and constraints defined by the user. Model solutions are described by the goodness of model fit (Chi-Square), the optimized Mean Age, Model Parameter 1, and Model Parameter 2. The Mean Age describes the average age of the full age distribution for the sample which is described by the LPM name and Model Parameter 1 and 2. In the case of binary mixture models (indicated with a BMM prefix under LPM name) and additional set of optimized values for Mean Age, Model Parameter 1, and Model Parameter 2 are reported with an additional parameter, Fraction. The first set of optimized parameters describe the mean age and distribution parameters of the first mixing component while the additional set of optimized values reported for the binary models indicate the mean age and distribution parameters for the second component of the binary model, with the Fraction being the relative fractional contribution of the first mixing component. For the binary mixtures, the mean age of the mixture is calculated as follows: Mean Age of Mixture = (Mean Age 1st comp. X Fraction) + (Mean Age 2nd Comp. X (1 – Fraction)) The age distribution model for each component is indicated by the LPM name. For example, a binary mixture of an exponential mixing model as the first component and a dispersion model as the second component will be indicated in LPM name as BMM-EMM-DM. Mathematical description and physical representations for all the distribution types are described in Jurgens and others (2012). The remaining data columns report the modeled tracer concentrations (for a given sample, mean age, and parameterized distribution), measured tracer concentrations, and Monte Carlo model results. GCsprings_NobleGas.xlsx Noble gas isotopes for groundwater samples collected from South Rim Grand Canyon springs. Producer defined USGS Station ID USGS Station ID Producer defined 15-digit station identification number. Site Name Field name Producer defined Common name of spring sample location. HeTotal Total helium concentration. Producer defined 3.82799E-08 1.16174E-05 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water NeTotal Total neon concentration. Producer defined 6.2914E-08 1.915E-07 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water ArTotal Total argon concentration. Producer defined 0.000144168 0.00049643 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water KrTotal Total krypton concentration. Producer defined NA Not Available Producer defined 3.05244E-08 7.99333E-08 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water He3 Helium-3 concentration. Producer defined 5.20043E-14 1.07373E-11 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water He4 Helium-4 concentration. Producer defined 3.82798E-08 1.16174E-05 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water Ne20 Neon-20 concentration. Producer defined 5.70046E-08 1.73653E-07 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water Ne22 Neon-22 concentration. Producer defined 5.90937E-09 1.78473E-08 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water Ar36 Argon-36 concentration. Producer defined 2.48674E-07 1.34026E-06 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water Ar40 Argon-40 concentration. Producer defined 0.000143633 0.000496182 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water Kr78 Krypton-78 concentration. Producer defined NA Not Available Producer defined 8.29421E-11 7.26E-10 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water Kr80 Krypton-80 concentration. Producer defined NA Not Available Producer defined 6.68888E-10 1.78E-09 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water Kr82 Krypton-82 concentration. Producer defined 3.83494E-09 9.78046E-09 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water Kr83 Krypton-83 concentration. Producer defined 4.05612E-09 1.0801E-08 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water Kr84 Krypton-84 concentration. Producer defined 1.68218E-08 4.82812E-08 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water Kr86 Krypton-86 concentration. Producer defined 5.14269E-09 1.45976E-08 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water Xe124 Xenon-124 concentration. Producer defined 8.98E-12 6.16818E-11 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water Xe128 Xenon-128 concentration. Producer defined 7.02922E-11 2.60268E-10 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water Xe129 Xenon-129 concentration. Producer defined 5.88957E-10 3.17451E-09 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water Xe130 Xenon-130 concentration. Producer defined 1.07826E-10 5.18623E-10 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water Xe131 Xenon-131 concentration. Producer defined 1.03839E-10 2.67673E-09 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water Xe132 Xenon-132 concentration. Producer defined 7.90672E-10 3.58817E-09 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water Xe134 Xenon-134 concentration. Producer defined 0.000143633 0.000496182 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water Xe136 Xenon-136 concentration. Producer defined 2.98156E-10 1.36715E-09 cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure (25 C, 1 atm) per gram of water This data release documents three Microsoft Excel tables that contain data for understanding groundwater ages in the South Rim Grand Canyon. The following tables are included: GCsprings_NobleGas.xlsx: Table NobleGas describes noble gas isotopes from groundwater collected from springs. GCsprings_TracerLPM.xlsx: Table TracerLPM describes groundwater age lumped parameter modeling (LPM) from springs and wells in the South Rim Grand Canyon. GCsprings_TracerLPM_Description.xlsx: Column descriptions for Table TracerLPM. Jurgens, B.C., Böhlke, J.K., and Eberts, S.M., 2012, TracerLPM (Version 1): An Excel® workbook for interpreting groundwater age distributions from environmental tracer data: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods Report 4-F3, 60p. U.S. Geological Survey GS ScienceBase mailing address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/P9WX8N0L/ None. 20200827 John E. Solder U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologist mailing address

2329 W Orton Cir.

West Valley City UT 84119 United States 801-908-5044` jsodler@usgs.gov FGDC CSDGM FGDC-STD-001-1998 Record created using USGS Metadata Wizard tool. (https://github.com/usgs/fort-pymdwizard)