Joseph J. Kennedy
Alan Mair
Kim S. Perkins
2019
Summary of soil field-saturated hydraulic conductivity, hydrophobicity, preferential-flow, and particle-size measurements collected at four study sites on the island of Maui, Hawaii, September 2017–August 2018
Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources
Reston, VA
U.S. Geological Survey
https://doi.org/10.5066/P9OP3BHM
The U.S. Geological Survey and the University of Hawaii at Manoa, in cooperation with the County of Maui Department of Water Supply and the State of Hawaii Commission on Water Resource Management, initiated a field data collection program to provide information for determining how infiltration rates and soil hydrophobicity are dependent on plant species type within forested areas on the island of Maui, Hawaii. The field data collection is part of a study to quantify the impacts of high-priority non-native and dominant native plant species on freshwater availability throughout the State of Hawaii (https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/hi.water.usgs.gov/studies/maui_eco/index.html). The overall objective of the study is to provide needed information for (1) assessing species-specific impacts on freshwater availability and (2) reducing uncertainty in regional recharge estimates associated with forested areas. This dataset includes a summary of 226 individual measurements of soil field-saturated hydraulic conductivity, hydrophobicity, and preferential flow collected at four study sites on the island of Maui between September 2017 and August 2018. The dataset also includes a summary of soil particle-size analyses made on a total of 45 soil samples collected from the four sites.
These measurements were collected to provide information for evaluating how infiltration rates and soil hydrophobicity are dependent on plant species type within forested areas on the island of Maui.
20170919
20180801
ground condition
None planned
-156.71722411851
-155.94818114979
21.048209606132
20.555242729779
National Agricultural Library Thesaurus
hydrophobicity
infiltration
infiltration rate
preferential flow
saturated hydraulic conductivity
particle size distribution
USGS Metadata Identifier
USGS:5c18398ee4b006c4f8558300
Geographic Names and Information System (GNIS)
Hawaii
Maui
none
none
Joseph J Kennedy
PACIFIC REGION: PACIFIC ISLANDS WATER SCI CTR
Hydrologist
mailing and physical
1845 Wasp Boulevard, Bld 176
Honolulu
HI
96818
US
808-690-9570
jjkennedy@usgs.gov
No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted
No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted
Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details.
No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted
No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted
Stefan H. Doerr
1998
On standardizing the ‘water drop penetration time’ and the ‘molarity of an ethanol droplet’ techniques to classify soil hydrophobicity: a case study using medium textured soils
Publication
Online
Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199807)23:7<663::AID-ESP909>3.0.CO;2-6
Digital and/or hard-copy resources
19981221
19981222
Publication date
Doerr (1998)
Source information used to define hydrophobicity data collection method
Glendon W. Gee and Dani Or
2002
Particle-size analysis in Dane, J.H. and Topp, C.G. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 4 Physical Methods, pp. 255-293
Publication
Madison, Wisconsin
Soil Science Society of America
https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/books/articles/sssabookseries/methodsofsoilan4/255
Digital and/or hard-copy resources
20020101
20020102
publication date
Gee and Or (2002)
Source information used to define particle-size analysis method
Nimmo, J.R., Schmidt, K.M., Perkins, K.S., and Stock, J.D.
2009
Rapid measurement of field-saturated hydraulic conductivity for areal characterization
Publication
Madison, Wisconsin
Vadose Zone Journal
https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/vzj/abstracts/8/1/142
Digital and/or hard-copy resources
20090201
20090202
Publication date
Nimmo and others (2009)
Source information used to define field-saturated hydraulic conductivity measurement method
Wentworth, C.K.
1922
A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments
Publication
Chicago, Illinois
Journal of Geology
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/622910
Digital and/or hard-copy resources
19220701
19220831
Publication date
Wentworth (1922)
Source information used to define the classification of particle size diameter for the soil particle size distribution
PROCESSING STEP 1: Measurement Location Selection and Preparation
Each plot consisted of up to 20 individual measurement locations that were laid out in a concentric arrangement around a central measurement location (see Maui_P1A_summary_file.pdf) and marked with a flag that had a measurement location identification code. Each measurement location was then selected from within a 1-meter radius of the marked test location according to the following criteria:
(1) relatively level ground within a half-square meter area,
(2) accessible surface soil that requires minimal soil disturbance, and
(3) no rocks or other objects that could inhibit the insertion of the infiltrometer ring. Where larger vegetation species occur, the infiltrometers were placed about 30-50 centimeters from the plant stem with any loose litter removed from the soil surface. Vegetation within a 20-cm radius of the selected measurement location was clipped to the ground surface, when necessary.
201808
PROCESSING STEP 2: Hydrophobicity Measurements
Soil hydrophobicity measurements were made at each measurement location using molarity of ethanol droplet tests and rated on an 8-point scale in the manner of Doerr (1998). Solutions of ethanol and deionized water were mixed in the following concentrations: 0, 3, 5, 8.5, 13, 24, and 36 percent by volume. The rating given coincides with a corresponding solution of ethanol that infiltrates the soil surface within 3 seconds of application. A rating of 1 corresponds to the infiltration of the 0 percent solution (100 percent deionized water) infiltrating within 3 seconds of application to the soil surface. A rating of 7 corresponds to the infiltration of the 36 percent solution infiltrating within 3 seconds of application to the soil surface, and therefore a rating of 8 applies to any soil where the 36 percent ethanol solution did not infiltrate within 3 seconds of application. A rating of 1 implies very hydrophilic soils, whereas a rating of 8 implies extremely hydrophobic soils. Each hydrophobicity test was performed as follows:
(1) Starting with the 0 percent ethanol solution, one drop of solution was applied to the measurement location
(2) If the drop remained on the soil surface for longer than 3 seconds, one drop of the 3 percent ethanol solution was applied within the measurement location
(3) This process was continued using the next higher percentage ethanol solution until the applied drop was absorbed into the soil within 3 seconds
(4) The highest percentage ethanol solution which achieved infiltration within 3 seconds was recorded by hand on the field form
(5) These measurements were then manually entered into the data summary table
201808
PROCESSING STEP 3: Field-Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Measurements
A portable, falling-head, small-diameter single-ring infiltrometer was used to measure rates of infiltration at each measurement location. An analytical formula was then applied to these measurements to calculate field-saturated hydraulic conductivity in the manner of Nimmo and others (2009). The method allows for a large number of measurements and takes into account subsurface radial spreading that occurs with a small-diameter infiltrometer. Each infiltrometer test was made as follows:
(1) The infiltrometer was placed on the same measurement location where the hydrophobicity test was done
(2) The infiltrometer was then slowly pressed into the soil to a depth of approximately 5 centimeters, while twisting gently and keeping the top edge as horizontal as possible
(3) Loose soil was packed around the outside of the infiltrometer, as needed, to inhibit the possibility of water leaking out from underneath the edge and along soil surface
(4) Four equally spaced measurements were taken around the inside of the infiltrometer from the top of the soil to the top edge and were noted in the field form and used to calculate average insertion depth
(5) A small plastic bag or large leaf was placed on the soil surface within the infiltrometer to prevent the pouring of water from disrupting the soil surface
(6) 1 liter of water was poured into the infiltrometer on top of the plastic bag or leaf as quickly as possible without splashing water out of the infiltrometer and then the plastic bag or leaf was then immediately removed
(7) A timer was started as soon as the pouring of water into the infiltrometer was completed and the elapsed time was recorded on the field form when all standing water infiltrated into soil surface
(8) The pouring and timing of 1 liter of water was repeated 3 more times at each measurement location
(9) These measurements were manually entered into a spreadsheet that calculated a mean field-saturated hydraulic conductivity
(10) The mean field-saturated hydraulic conductivity for each measurement location was then manually entered into the data summary table (Maui_P1A_infiltration_data.csv)
201808
PROCESSING STEP 4: Preferential-Flow Measurements
A preferential-flow measurement was collected at each measurement location in the manner described in Perkins and others (2012). Perkins and others (2012) used a 4-point scale in which a rating of 0 implied no preferential flow and a rating of 3 implied highly preferential flow. In this study, the approach was modified to include a 6-point scale to account for the variety of conditions encountered during the collection of field measurements. The modified rating scale is described as follows:
0 – Unrecognizable flow path due to preexisting wet soil
1 – Uniform, symmetric wetted area (no preferential flow)
2 – Irregularly shaped wetted area (some preferentiality)
3 – One or more isolated wetted areas distinct from a main wetted area (preferential flow)
4 – Multiple isolated wetted areas (highly preferential)
5 – Horizontal or lateral preferential flow inferred based on root structure and rapid infiltration time
The preferential flow assessment was made after the infiltrometer was removed and performed as follows:
(1) The top layer of soil, 1-4 cm thick depending on soil type and root structure, was removed to determine the extent to which the soil had become saturated beneath the area where the infiltrometer was located.
(2) The soil was inspected during the removal process and the preferential-flow assessment was recorded on the field form.
(3) The measurements were then manually entered into the data summary table (Maui_P1A_infiltration_data.csv).
201808
PROCESSING STEP 5: Particle-Size Measurements
Soil samples for particle-size distribution measurements were collected immediately after the preferential-flow assessment was made. Samples were packaged in small plastic bags with the study site name and measurement location identification code written on them and shipped to a USGS laboratory in Menlo Park, California where they were processed. Particle size distributions were characterized by optical diffraction (Gee and Or, 2002) using a Coulter LS 13 320 Particle Size Analyzer. The range of measurement is 0.04-2000 microns divided into 116 bins. Particles larger than 2 mm were sieved out and the mass of soil particles was recorded on laboratory data sheets. The fraction below 2 mm was carefully disaggregated when necessary using a mortar and rubber-tipped pestle, then split with a riffle splitter to obtain appropriate random samples for analysis. Each small, representative sample was put into suspension (filtered water is routinely used) within a fluid module that was attached to a device containing a light source and detectors. Particles in suspension then passed through the path of a light beam and scattered the light in characteristic, symmetrical patterns which were detected by the device. A pump within the fluid module circulated the sample in suspension through a cell within the optical bench through which a laser beam passes. The pattern of scattered light intensity is a function of scattering angles produced as the light is deflected off of particles of various sizes within a sample. Using this information, a distribution of particle sizes was deduced using a mathematical model based on Fraunhoffer diffraction theory. Each sample was sonicated prior to measurement, run through the device for 90 seconds, and analyzed twice with the average of the runs recorded. The mass of particles larger than 2 millimeters, if any, was incorporated into the results and used to adjust the percent volume in each particle-size class. For this adjustment, a constant particle density was assumed. Test results were reported as percent volume and initially binned by the particle sizing analyzer into as many as 116 channel diameters. These data were further aggregated into 12 particle-size classes. The results of the adjusted particle-size distributions were then summarized in a data summary table.
201812
Kimberlie Perkins
USGS - Water Mission Area, Earth Surface Processes Division, Water Cycle Branch
Hydrologist
mailing and physical
Mail Stop 420, 345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park
CA
94025
US
650-329-4551
kperkins@usgs.gov
Point
1.0E-5
1.0E-5
Decimal degrees
North American Datum of 1983
Maui_P1A_infiltration_data.csv
Data table containing measurements of soil field-saturated hydraulic conductivity, hydrophobicity and preferential-flow
Joseph J. Kennedy and Alan Mair
Study site
Name of study site where measurements were made
Producer defined
This field contains the study site name
Plot number
Number assigned to a plot in order to distinguish one plot from another within the same study site. This value is not unique to the data set as a whole and must be paired with the study site name in order to identify a single unique plot.
Producer defined
1
This value was assigned to the native vegetation plot within a study site in order to distinguish it from other plots at that study site.
Producer defined
2
This value was assigned to a non-native vegetation plot within a study site in order to distinguish it from other plots within that study site.
Producer defined
3
This value was assigned to a non-native vegetation plot within a study site in order to distinguish it from other plots within that study site.
Producer defined
4
This value was assigned to a non-native vegetation plot within a study site in order to distinguish it from other plots within that study site.
Producer defined
Dominant vegetation type
Description of the dominant type of vegetation found at the study plot
Producer defined
This field describes of the dominant type of vegetation found at the study plot as either native or non-native
Dominant vegetation - common name (scientific name)
Common name and scientific name of the dominant vegetation found at the study plot
Producer defined
This field contains the common name and scientific name of the dominant vegetation found at the study plot
Measurement date
Date of when measurement was collected. Formatted as MM/DD/YYYY
Producer defined
This field contains the date of when the measurement was collected. Formatted as MM/DD/YYYY.
Measurement location identification code
Identification code created to distinguish one measurement location from another within the study plot. This value is not unique to the dataset as a whole and must be paired with the study site name and plot number in order to identify a single unique measurement location.
Producer defined
This field contains an identification code to distinguish one measurement location from another within the study plot. This value is not unique to the data set as a whole and must be paired with the study site name and plot number in order to identify a single unique measurement location.
Depth below ground surface (cm)
Numeric value describing the depth below ground surface, in centimeters, at which the measurement was collected.
Producer defined
0
15
centimeters (cm)
Field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (cm/s)
Numeric value describing the soil's hydraulic conductivity at saturation, in centimeters per second, as estimated using a single-ring infiltrometer and the analytical approach by Nimmo and others (2009).
Producer defined
1.8E-03
1.5E+00
centimeters per second (cm/s)
Field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (mm/hr)
Numeric value describing the soil's hydraulic conductivity at saturation, in millimeters per hour (mm/hr), as estimated using a single-ring infiltrometer and the analytical approach by Nimmo and others (2009).
Producer defined
6.5E+01
5.6E+04
millimeters per hour (mm/hr)
Hydrophobicity rating (1-8)
An 8-point rating system using molarity of ethanol droplet tests as developed by Doerr (1998)
Producer defined
1
Very hydrophilic
Doerr (1998)
2
Hydrophilic
Doerr (1998)
3
Slightly hydrophobic
Doerr (1998)
4
Moderately hydrophobic
Doerr (1998)
5
Strongly hydrophobic
Doerr (1998)
6
Very strongly hydrophobic
Doerr (1998)
7
Extremely hydrophobic
Producer-defined
8
Very extremely hydrophobic (implied 8th point of the scale based on Doerr (1998) where the 36% ethanol solution does not infiltrate within 3 seconds)
Producer-defined
Preferential flow rating (0-5)
A 6-point scale that provides a qualitative assessment of the preferentiality of downward flow of water through the soil structure
Producer defined
0
Unrecognizable flow path due to preexisting wet soil
Producer-defined
1
Uniform, symmetric wetted area (no preferential flow)
Producer-defined
2
Irregularly shaped wetted area (some preferentiality)
Producer-defined
3
One or more isolated wetted areas distinct from a main wetted area (preferential flow)
Producer-defined
4
Multiple isolated wetted areas (highly preferential)
Producer-defined
5
Horizontal or lateral preferential flow inferred based on root structure and rapid infiltration time
Producer-defined
Maui_P1A_soil_particle_size_data.csv
Data table containing particle-size distributions of selected samples from each study site
Kim S. Perkins
Study site
Name of study site where soil sample was collected
Producer defined
This field contains the study site name
Plot number
Number assigned to a plot in order to distinguish one plot from another within the same study site. This value is not unique to the data set as a whole and must be paired with the study site name in order to identify a single unique plot.
Producer defined
1
This value was assigned to the native vegetation plot within a study site in order to distinguish it from other plots at that study site.
Producer defined
2
This value was assigned to a non-native vegetation plot within a study site in order to distinguish it from other plots within that study site.
Producer defined
3
This value was assigned to a non-native vegetation plot within a study site in order to distinguish it from other plots within that study site.
Producer defined
4
This value was assigned to a non-native vegetation plot within a study site in order to distinguish it from other plots within that study site.
Producer defined
Dominant vegetation type
Description of the dominant type of vegetation found at the study plot
Producer defined
This field describes of the dominant type of vegetation found at the study plot as either native or non-native
Dominant vegetation - common name (scientific name)
Common name and scientific name of the dominant vegetation found at the study plot
Producer defined
This field contains the common name and scientific name of the dominant vegetation found at the study plot
Sample date
Date of when soil sample was collected. Formatted as MM/DD/YYYY.
Producer defined
This field contains the date of when the soil sample was collected. Formatted as MM/DD/YYYY.
Sample identification code
Identification code created to distinguish one soil sample location from another within the study plot. This value is not unique to the dataset as a whole and must be paired with the study site name and plot number in order to identify a single unique soil sample location.
Producer defined
This field contains an identification code to distinguish one soil sample location from another within the study plot. This value is not unique to the data set as a whole and must be paired with the study site name and plot number in order to identify a single unique soil sample location.
Depth below ground surface (cm)
Numeric value describing the depth below ground surface in centimeters at which the soil sample was collected.
Producer defined
0
15
centimeters (cm)
Very fine clay, percentage by volume (<0.00050 mm)
Percentage by volume of soil sample determined to have a diameter less than 0.00050 millimeters (mm)
Wentworth (1922)
0
100
Percent (%)
Fine clay, percentage by volume (0.00050 – <0.0010 mm)
Percentage by volume of soil sample determined to have a diameter of 0.00050 mm or greater but less than 0.0010 mm
Wentworth (1922)
0
100
Percent (%)
Medium clay, percentage by volume (0.0010 – <0.0020 mm)
Percentage by volume of soil sample determined to have a diameter of 0.0010 mm or greater but less than 0.0020 mm
Wentworth (1922)
0
100
Percent (%)
Coarse clay, percentage by volume (0.0020 – <0.0042 mm)
Percentage by volume of soil sample determined to have a diameter of 0.0020 mm or greater but less than 0.0042 mm
Wentworth (1922)
0
100
Percent (%)
Very fine silt, percentage by volume (0.0042 – <0.0081 mm)
Percentage by volume of soil sample determined to have a diameter of 0.0042 mm or greater but less than 0.0081 mm
Wentworth (1922)
0
100
Percent (%)
Fine silt, percentage by volume (0.0081 – <0.017 mm)
Percentage by volume of soil sample determined to have a diameter of 0.0081 mm or greater but less than 0.017 mm
Wentworth (1922)
0
100
Percent (%)
Medium silt, percentage by volume (0.017 – <0.033 mm)
Percentage by volume of soil sample determined to have a diameter of 0.017 mm or greater but less than 0.033 mm
Wentworth (1922)
0
100
Percent (%)
Coarse silt, percentage by volume (0.033 – <0.063 mm)
Percentage by volume of soil sample determined to have a diameter of 0.033 mm or greater but less than 0.063 mm
Wentworth (1922)
0
100
Percent (%)
Very fine sand, percentage by volume (0.063 – <0.13 mm)
Percentage by volume of soil sample determined to have a diameter of 0.063 mm or greater but less than 0.13 mm
Wentworth (1922)
0
100
Percent (%)
Fine sand, percentage by volume (0.13 – <0.26 mm)
Percentage by volume of soil sample determined to have a diameter of 0.13 mm or greater but less than 0.26 mm
Wentworth (1922)
0
100
Percent (%)
Medium sand, percentage by volume (0.26 – <0.54 mm)
Percentage by volume of soil sample determined to have a diameter of 0.26 mm or greater but less than 0.54 mm
Wentworth (1922)
0
100
Percent (%)
Coarse sand, percentage by volume (0.54 – <1.0 mm)
Percentage by volume of soil sample determined to have a diameter of 0.54 mm or greater but less than 1.0 mm
Wentworth (1922)
0
100
Percent (%)
Very coarse sand, percentage by volume (1.0 – <2.0 mm)
Percentage by volume of soil sample determined to have a diameter of 1.0 mm or greater but less than 2.0 mm
Wentworth (1922)
0
100
Percent (%)
Gravel, percentage by volume (2.0 – <4.0 mm)
Percentage by volume of soil sample determined to have a diameter of 2.0 mm or greater but less than 4.0 mm
Wentworth (1922)
0
100
Percent (%)
Fine gravel, percentage by volume (4.0 – <8.0 mm)
Percentage by volume of soil sample determined to have a diameter of 4.0 mm or greater but less than 8.0 mm
Wentworth (1922)
0
100
Percent (%)
Medium gravel, percentage by volume (8.0 – <16 mm)
Percentage by volume of soil sample determined to have a diameter of 8.0 mm or greater but less than 16 mm
Wentworth (1922)
0
100
Percent (%)
Coarse gravel, percentage by volume (16 – <32 mm)
Percentage by volume of soil sample determined to have a diameter of 16 mm or greater but less than 32 mm
Wentworth (1922)
0
100
Percent (%)
Very coarse gravel, percentage by volume (32 – <64 mm)
Percentage by volume of soil sample determined to have a diameter of 32 mm or greater but less than 64 mm
Wentworth (1922)
0
100
Percent (%)
U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase
U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase
mailing and physical
Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302
Denver
CO
80225
US
888-275-8747
sciencebase@usgs.gov
Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.
20200827
Joseph J Kennedy
PACIFIC REGION: PACIFIC ISLANDS WATER SCI CTR
Hydrologist
mailing and physical
1845 Wasp Boulevard, Bld 176
Honolulu
HI
96818
US
808-690-9570
jjkennedy@usgs.gov
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
FGDC-STD-001-1998