Lawrence D. Igl Jill A. Shaffer Douglas H. Johnson Deborah A. Buhl 2017 Tabular digital data Jamestown, North Dakota U.S. Geological Survey Suggested citation: Igl, L.D., J.A. Shaffer, D.H. Johnson, D.A. Buhl, 2017, The influence of local- and landscape-level factors on wetland breeding birds in the Prairie Pothole Region of North and South Dakota dataset: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7FX77XM. https://doi.org/10.5066/F7FX77XM The data set consists of data collected in 1995, 1996, and 1997 in wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota and South Dakota. The data were summarized and used in the analysis for a U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report entitled: The influence of local- and landscape-level factors on wetland breeding birds in the Prairie Pothole Region of North and South Dakota. The data consist of two data sets. A species data set includes the common names, scientific names (species and genus), and four-letter alpha codes for 133 bird species observed during the three-year study. The bird abundance data set includes the abundance of wetland birds by wetland class (temporary, seasonal, semipermanent, permanent, alkali), wetland type (natural or restored), and landowner group (private or federal). In conjunction with surveys of wetland birds, the following wetland variables also were recorded: wetland size, date (julian date), location (easting and northing), local-level habitat variables (percent coverage of open water, emergent vegetation, wet meadow, and shoreline/mudflat) and landscape-level habitat variables (number of wetlands and percent cover of grass and wetlands within 800 m of a wetland). The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between basin-level and landscape-level characteristics and breeding bird abundance in wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region in North Dakota and South Dakota. 1995 1997 ground condition Complete None planned -102.84 -96.325 48.969 43.052 Wetlands surveyed were within the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota and South Dakota, United States. ISO 19115 Topic Category biota USGS Thesaurus birds wetland ecosystems USGS Biocomplexity Thesaurus Wetlands Landscape Aquatic birds Land ownership Environmental restoration None landscape factors wetland restoration wetland classification wetland birds local factors USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:59075940e4b0fc4e448ea87a Geographic Names Information System South Dakota North Dakota None Prairie Pothole Region Arrowwood Wetland Management District Audubon Wetland Management District Chase Lake Wetland Management District Des Lacs Wetland Management District Devils Lake Wetland Management District J. Clark Salyer Wetland Management District Kulm Wetland Management District Long Lake Wetland Management District Lostwood Wetland Management District Tewaukon Wetland Management District Valley City Wetland Management District Huron Wetland Management District Lake Andes Wetland Management District Sand Lake Wetland Management District Madison Wetland Management District Waubay Wetland Management District Authorized distribution is strongly recommended to be direct from the distributor described above or from U.S. Geological Survey ScienceBase Catalog Service (https://www.sciencebase.gov). Data integrity can be verified using authentication information herein. The distributor makes no claims as to the suitability of these data for other purposes than those described herein. Users should not use these data for critical applications without a full awareness of its limitations. Users should be aware that temporal changes may have occurred since this data set was collected and that some parts of these data may no longer represent actual ground conditions. Users should also be aware that comparison with other data sets for the same area that were generated from other time periods may be inaccurate due to inconsistencies resulting from changes in mapping conventions, data collection, and computer processing methods over time. The distributor shall not be liable for improper or incorrect use of these data, based on the description of appropriate/inappropriate uses described in this metadata document. Acknowledgment of the U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center as a data source would be appreciated in products developed from these data, and such acknowledgment as is standard for citation and legal practices for data source is expected by users of this data set. Notification of new data products developed directly from these data would also be appreciated; please notify the listed primary contact or U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Center staff. Lawrence D. Igl U. S. Geological Survey mailing and physical

Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center

8711 37th Street SE

Jamestown North Dakota 58401 United States 701-253-5500 ligl@usgs.gov This study was initiated by research staff of Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center’s Grasslands Ecosystem Initiative, under the leadership of Douglas H. Johnson. The mission of the Grasslands Ecosystem Initiative was to work with others to assess the biotic resources of the Great Plains, to facilitate information sharing among agencies, organizations, and individuals, and to synthesize that information. Funding for this study was provided by the United States Geological Survey and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Field assistance was provided by Jennifer W. Marlow, Melody R. Miller (crew leader), Felicia Y. Sargeant, Jerry W. Toll, and Michael B. Whitt (crew leader). A special thank you is extended to Harold A. Kantrud, U.S. Geological Survey, who helped to train the field crews in Stewart and Kantrud’s wetland classification system (Stewart, R.E. and H.A. Kantrud. 1971. Classification of Natural Ponds and Lakes in the Glaciated Prairie Region. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., USA. Resource Publication 92. 57 pp.). We thank the private landowners and operators for permission to access their property, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for permission to conduct bird surveys on Service-owned lands and for logistical support throughout the study. We also thank the North Dakota Natural Resources Trust (formerly North Dakota Wetlands Trust) and Arnold D. Kruse for permission to access wetlands on property owned by the Trust in Dickey County, North Dakota. Amy L. Zimmerman, U.S. Geological Survey, helped to develop the Geographic Information System database of wetland locations. Michael E. Estey and Neal D. Niemuth of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service’s Habitat and Populations Evaluation Team provided technical support to summarize the landscape-level variables. Lawrence D. Igl Jill A. Shaffer Douglas H. Johnson Deborah A. Buhl 2017 document U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 2017-#### Reston, Virginia U.S. Geological Survey http://dx.doi.org/... Jennifer W. Marlow Lawrence D. Igl Melody R. Hartman 1996 document Prairie Naturalist 28 Brookings, South Dakota North Dakota Natural Science Society USGS Biocomplexity Thesaurus Birds Waterfowl Songbirds Aquatic birds Wading birds Game birds Birds of prey Migratory birds None Upland Gamebirds Grebes Doves Cuckoos Nightjars Rails Shorebirds Cormorants Pelicans Vultures Raptors Owls Kingfishers Woodpeckers Falcons Gulls Terns Integrated Taxonomic Information System Partnership Unknown online database Internet Integrated Taxonomic Information System Partnership Retrieved 20160909 from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database, http://www.itis.gov. http://www.itis.gov No modifications or exceptions were made to the classification system or authority. National Geographic Society 1995 2nd Book Washington, D.C. National Geographic Society South Dakota Ornithologists' Union 1991 2nd Book Aberdeen, South Dakota Northern State University Press Stewart, R. E. 1975 Book Fargo, North Dakota Tri-college Center for Environmental Studies P. Thayer 1994 1.0.0 (released December 15, 1994) CD-ROM discs Naples, Florida Thayer Birding Software Prior to entering the field, observers were trained in bird identification (aural and visual) by Lawrence Igl in the field and by bird identification software. Birds were identified by sight or sound using key characteristics. Field guides, state bird books, audio recordings of bird songs, and bird identification software were referenced to confirm identification. Birds were classified using the Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Twenty observed pairs (about 0.05% of total 37,095 breeding pairs observed) were not identified to the species level and were excluded from the data sets. All bird species were identified to the taxonomic resolution of species. Kingdom Animalia Animal animaux animals Subkingdom Bilateria Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Phylum Chordata cordés cordado chordates Subphylum Vertebrata vertebrado vertébrés vertebrates Infraphylum Gnathostomata Superclass Tetrapoda Class Aves Birds oiseaux Order Podicipediformes Grebes grèbes Family Podicipedidae Grebes Genus Podiceps Typical Grebes Species Podiceps grisegena Grèbe jougris Red-necked Grebe Species Podiceps auritus Zambullidor cornudo Grèbe esclavon Horned Grebe Species Podiceps nigricollis Zambullidor orejudo Eared Grebe Grèbe à cou noir Black-necked Grebe Genus Aechmophorus Species Aechmophorus occidentalis Achichilique pico amarillo Grèbe élégant Western Grebe Genus Podilymbus Species Podilymbus podiceps Zambullidor pico grueso Grèbe à bec bigarré Pied-billed Grebe Order Pelecaniformes Pelicans pélicans Ibises ibis Herons hérons Family Pelecanidae Pelicans Genus Pelecanus Pelicans Species Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Pelícano blanco American White Pelican Pélican d'Amérique Family Ardeidae Bitterns Egrets Herons Subfamily Ardeinae Genus Ardea Great Herons Species Ardea herodias Garza morena Great Blue Heron Grand Héron Species Ardea alba Great Egret Grande Aigrette Genus Bubulcus Cattle Egrets Species Bubulcus ibis Garza ganadera Cattle Egret Héron garde-boeufs Western Cattle Egret Genus Egretta Plumed Egrets Species Egretta thula Garceta pie-dorado Snowy Egret Aigrette neigeuse Genus Nycticorax Night-Herons Species Nycticorax nycticorax Pedrete corona negra Black-crowned Night Heron Black-crowned Night-Heron Bihoreau gris Subfamily Botaurinae Genus Ixobrychus Least Bitterns Species Ixobrychus exilis Avetoro mínimo Least Bittern Petit Blongios Genus Botaurus Brown Bitterns Species Botaurus lentiginosus Avetoro norteño American Bittern Butor d'Amérique Family Threskiornithidae Ibises Spoonbills Subfamily Threskiornithinae Genus Plegadis Glossy Ibises Species Plegadis chihi Ibis cara blanca White-faced Ibis Ibis à face blanche Genus Eudocimus White Ibises Species Eudocimus albus Ibis blanco White Ibis American White Ibis Ibis blanc Order Anseriformes Ducks Geese Screamers Swans Waterfowl canards cygnes oies sauvagine Family Anatidae Ducks Geese Swans canards cygnes oies Subfamily Anserinae Genus Branta Brent Geese Species Branta canadensis Ganso canadiense Canada Goose bernache du Canada Genus Chen Snow Geese Species Chen caerulescens Blue Goose Ganso blanco Snow Goose oie des neiges Subfamily Anatinae Genus Anas Dabbling Ducks Species Anas platyrhynchos Pato de collar Mallard canard colvert Species Anas strepera Pato friso Gadwall canard chipeau Species Anas acuta Pato golondrino Northern Pintail canard pilet Species Anas crecca Eurasian Teal Cerceta ala verde Green-winged Teal sarcelle d'hiver Species Anas discors Cerceta ala azul Blue-winged Teal sarcelle à ailes bleues Species Anas americana Pato chalcuán American Wigeon canard d'Amérique Species Anas clypeata Pato cucharón-norteño Northern Shoveler canard souchet Genus Aix Wood Ducks Species Aix sponsa Pato arcoiris Wood Duck canard branchu Genus Aythya Diving Ducks Species Aythya americana Pato cabeza roja Redhead fuligule à tête rouge Species Aythya collaris Pato pico anillado Ring-necked Duck fuligule à collier Species Aythya valisineria Pato coacoxtle Canvasback fuligule à dos blanc Species Aythya affinis Pato boludo-menor Lesser Scaup petit fuligule Genus Bucephala Goldeneyes Species Bucephala clangula Pato chillón Common Goldeneye garrot à oeil d'or Species Bucephala albeola Pato monja Bufflehead petit garrot Genus Oxyura Stiff-tailed Ducks Species Oxyura jamaicensis Pato tepalcate Ruddy Duck érismature rousse Genus Lophodytes Hooded Mergansers Species Lophodytes cucullatus Mergo cresta blanca Hooded Merganser harle couronné Order Galliformes Fowls Gallinaceous Birds gallinacées volaille Family Phasianidae Partridges Turkeys Grouse Pheasants Quail cailles faisans Subfamily Phasianinae Pheasants Genus Phasianus Pheasants Species Phasianus colchicus Common Pheasant Ring-necked Pheasant faisan de chasse Faisán de collar Subfamily Tetraoninae Grouse Genus Tympanuchus Prairie-Chickens Species Tympanuchus phasianellus Sharp-tailed Grouse tétras à queue fine Subfamily Perdicinae Partridges Francolins Genus Perdix Gray Partridges Species Perdix perdix Gray Partridge perdrix grise Grey Partridge Order Gruiformes Cranes Rails grues râles Family Rallidae Coots Rails foulques gallinules râles Waterhens Genus Rallus Greater Rails Species Rallus limicola Rascón limícola Virginia Rail râle de Virginie Genus Porzana Soras Species Porzana carolina Polluela sora Sora marouette de Caroline Genus Fulica Coots Species Fulica americana Gallareta americana American Coot foulque d'Amérique Order Charadriiformes Shore Birds Gulls Alcids Plovers Oystercatchers goélands alcidés Auks huîtriers Family Charadriidae Plovers Genus Charadrius Ringed Plovers Species Charadrius melodus Chorlo chiflador Piping Plover Pluvier siffleur Species Charadrius vociferus Chorlo tildío Killdeer Pluvier kildir Family Scolopacidae Sandpipers bécasseaux Snipes Genus Bartramia Upland Sandpipers Species Bartramia longicauda Zarapito ganga Upland Sandpiper Maubèche des champs Genus Actitis Spotted Sandpipers Species Actitis macularius Chevalier grivelé Spotted Sandpiper Genus Tringa Redshanks Species Tringa melanoleuca Patamarilla mayor Greater Yellowlegs Grand Chevalier Species Tringa flavipes Patamarilla menor Lesser Yellowlegs Petit Chevalier Species Tringa semipalmata Willet Chevalier semipalmé Genus Calidris Stints Species Calidris fuscicollis Playero rabadilla blanca White-rumped Sandpiper Bécasseau à croupion blanc Species Calidris minutilla Playero chichicuilote Least Sandpiper Bécasseau minuscule Species Calidris pusilla Playero semipalmeado Semipalmated Sandpiper Bécasseau semipalmé Genus Limosa Godwits Species Limosa fedoa Picopando canelo Marbled Godwit Barge marbrée Genus Gallinago Snipes Species Gallinago delicata Wilson's Snipe Bécassine de Wilson Genus Phalaropus Phalaropes Species Phalaropus tricolor Falaropo pico largo Wilson's Phalarope Phalarope de Wilson Family Recurvirostridae Stilts Avocets Genus Recurvirostra Avocets Species Recurvirostra americana Avoceta americana American Avocet Avocette d'Amérique Family Laridae Gulls Terns becs-en-ciseaux goélands labbes mouettes Skimmers Genus Larus Gulls Ivory Gulls Kittiwakes Ross' Gulls Sabine's Gulls Species Larus californicus Gaviota californiana California Gull Goéland de Californie Species Larus delawarensis Gaviota pico anillado Ring-billed Gull Goéland à bec cerclé Genus Sterna Typical Terns Species Sterna forsteri Charrán de Forster Forster's Tern Sterne de Forster Species Sterna hirundo Charrán común Common Tern Sterne pierregarin Genus Chlidonias Black Terns Species Chlidonias niger Charrán negro Black Tern Guifette noire Genus Leucophaeus Species Leucophaeus pipixcan Mouette de Franklin Gaviota de Franklin Franklin's Gull Order Columbiformes Doves colombes pigeons Pigeons Family Columbidae Doves colombes pigeons Subfamily Columbinae Genus Columba Pigeons Species Columba livia Paloma doméstica Rock Dove pigeon biset Common Pigeon Rock Pigeon Genus Zenaida Zenaida Doves Species Zenaida macroura Paloma huilota Mourning Dove tourterelle triste Order Strigiformes Owls chouettes engoulevents hiboux Goatsuckers Family Strigidae Typical Owls strigidés Owls Subfamily Striginae Genus Bubo Horned Owls Species Bubo virginianus Búho cornudo Great Horned Owl grand-duc d'Amérique Subfamily Asioninae Genus Asio Eared Owls Species Asio flammeus Búho cuerno corto Short-eared Owl hibou des marais Order Caprimulgiformes Family Caprimulgidae Nightjars Subfamily Chordeilinae Genus Chordeiles Nighthawks Species Chordeiles minor Chotacabras zumbón Common Nighthawk engoulevent d'Amérique Order Coraciiformes Kingfishers Rollers martins-pêcheurs Family Alcedinidae Kingfishers Subfamily Cerylinae Genus Megaceryle Species Megaceryle alcyon Belted Kingfisher Order Piciformes Woodpeckers pic-bois Family Picidae Woodpeckers Wrynecks fourmiliers pic-bois Subfamily Picinae Genus Colaptes Flickers Species Colaptes auratus Carpintero de pechera Northern Flicker pic flamboyant Genus Picoides Pied Woodpeckers Species Picoides pubescens Downy Woodpecker pic mineur Carpintero velloso-menor Order Passeriformes Perching Birds passereaux Family Tyrannidae Tyrant Flycatchers tyrans gobe-mouches Genus Tyrannus Kingbirds Species Tyrannus tyrannus Tirano dorso negro Eastern Kingbird tyran tritri Species Tyrannus verticalis Tirano pálido Western Kingbird tyran de l'ouest Genus Myiarchus Crested Flycatchers Species Myiarchus crinitus Papamoscas viajero Great Crested Flycatcher tyran huppé Genus Empidonax Empidonax Flycatchers Species Empidonax traillii Mosquero saucero Willow Flycatcher moucherolle des saules Species Empidonax minimus Mosquero mímimo Least Flycatcher moucherolle tchébec Genus Contopus Pewees Species Contopus virens Pibí oriental Eastern Wood-Pewee pioui de l'est Eastern Wood Pewee Family Alaudidae Larks Genus Eremophila Horned Larks Species Eremophila alpestris Alondra cornuda Horned Lark alouette hausse-col Family Hirundinidae Genus Tachycineta Tree Swallows Species Tachycineta bicolor Golondrina bicolor Tree Swallow hirondelle bicolore Genus Riparia Bank Swallows Species Riparia riparia Golondrina ribereña Bank Swallow hirondelle de rivage Sand Martin Genus Stelgidopteryx Rough-winged Swallows Species Stelgidopteryx serripennis Golondrina ala aserrada Northern Rough-winged Swallow hirondelle à ailes hérissées Genus Hirundo Barn Swallows Species Hirundo rustica Golondrina tijereta Barn Swallow hirondelle rustique Genus Petrochelidon Species Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Cliff Swallow hirondelle à front blanc American Cliff Swallow Genus Progne Species Progne subis Golondrina azulnegra Purple Martin hirondelle noire Family Motacillidae Pipits Wagtails Genus Anthus Pipits Species Anthus spragueii Sprague's Pipit Bisbita llanera Family Bombycillidae Waxwings Genus Bombycilla Waxwings Species Bombycilla cedrorum Ampelis chinito Cedar Waxwing jaseur d'Amérique Family Troglodytidae Wrens Genus Troglodytes Wrens Species Troglodytes aedon Chivirín saltapared House Wren troglodyte familier Genus Cistothorus Marsh Wrens Species Cistothorus platensis Chivirín sabanero Sedge Wren troglodyte à bec court Species Cistothorus palustris Chivirín pantanero Marsh Wren troglodyte des marais Family Mimidae Mockingbirds Thrashers Genus Dumetella Catbirds Species Dumetella carolinensis Maullador gris Gray Catbird moqueur chat Grey Catbird Genus Toxostoma American Thrashers Species Toxostoma rufum Cuitlacoche rojizo moqueur roux Brown Thrasher Family Emberizidae Emberizid Finches American Sparrows Towhees Buntings New World Sparrows Genus Passerculus Savannah Sparrows Species Passerculus sandwichensis Savannah Sparrow Gorrión sabanero bruant des prés Genus Ammodramus Grassland Sparrows Species Ammodramus savannarum Grasshopper Sparrow bruant sauterelle Gorrión chapulín Species Ammodramus bairdii Baird's Sparrow Gorrión de Baird Species Ammodramus leconteii Gorrión de Le Conte Le Conte's Sparrow bruant de le Conte Species Ammodramus nelsoni Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow bruant de Nelson Nelson's Sparrow Genus Pooecetes Vesper Sparrows Species Pooecetes gramineus Gorrión cola blanca Vesper Sparrow bruant vespéral Genus Chondestes Lark Sparrows Species Chondestes grammacus Lark Sparrow bruant à joues marron Gorrión arlequín Genus Spizella Chipping Sparrows Species Spizella passerina Chipping Sparrow bruant familier Gorrión ceja blanca Species Spizella pallida Gorrión pálido Clay-colored Sparrow bruant des plaines Genus Melospiza Song Sparrows Species Melospiza georgiana Swamp Sparrow bruant des marais Gorrión pantanero Species Melospiza melodia Gorrión cantor Song Sparrow bruant chanteur Family Parulidae New World Warblers Wood-Warblers Genus Geothlypis Yellowthroats Species Geothlypis trichas Mascarita común Common Yellowthroat Paruline masquée Genus Cardellina Red-faced Warblers Species Cardellina canadensis Paruline du Canada Canada Warbler Species Cardellina pusilla Wilson's Warbler Paruline à calotte noire Genus Setophaga Redstarts Species Setophaga ruticilla Chipe flameante American Redstart Paruline flamboyante Species Setophaga petechia Mangrove Warbler Yellow Warbler Paruline jaune Species Setophaga striata Blackpoll Warbler Paruline rayée Species Setophaga coronata Yellow-rumped Warbler Chipe coronado Paruline à croupion jaune Myrtle Warbler Genus Leiothlypis Species Leiothlypis peregrina Tennessee Warbler Family Vireonidae Greenlets Vireos Genus Vireo Vireos Species Vireo olivaceus Vireo ojo rojo Red-eyed Vireo viréo aux yeux rouges Species Vireo gilvus Vireo gorjeador Warbling Vireo viréo mélodieux Family Icteridae American Blackbirds Orioles New World Blackbirds Genus Dolichonyx Bobolinks Species Dolichonyx oryzivorus Bobolink goglu des prés Tordo arrocero Genus Sturnella Meadowlarks Species Sturnella neglecta Western Meadowlark sturnelle de l'ouest Pradero occidental Genus Xanthocephalus Yellow-headed Blackbirds Species Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Yellow-headed Blackbird Yellow-headed Blackbird carouge à tête jaune Genus Agelaius Red-winged Blackbirds Species Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged Blackbird carouge à épaulettes Tordo sargento Genus Icterus American Orioles Species Icterus spurius Bolsero castaño Orchard Oriole oriole des vergers Species Icterus galbula Northern Oriole Bolsero de Baltimore Baltimore Oriole oriole du nord Species Icterus bullockii Bolsero calandria Bullock's Oriole Genus Euphagus American Blackbirds Species Euphagus cyanocephalus Brewer's Blackbird quiscale de Brewer Tordo ojo amarillo Genus Quiscalus Grackles Species Quiscalus quiscula Common Grackle quiscale bronzé Species Quiscalus mexicanus Great-tailed Grackle Zanate mexicano Genus Molothrus Cowbirds Species Molothrus ater Tordo cabeza café Brown-headed Cowbird vacher à tête brune Family Fringillidae gros-becs moineaux roselins Old World Finches Finches Hawaiian Honeycreepers Genus Spinus Species Spinus tristis American Goldfinch Family Corvidae Crows Jays Magpies corneilles geais pies Genus Corvus Crows Species Corvus brachyrhynchos Cuervo americano American Crow corneille d'Amérique Family Turdidae Genus Turdus Robins Species Turdus migratorius Mirlo primavera American Robin merle d'Amérique Genus Hylocichla Wood Thrushes Species Hylocichla mustelina Zorzal maculado Wood Thrush grive des bois Genus Catharus Species Catharus fuscescens Zorzal rojizo Veery grive fauve Genus Sialia Bluebirds Species Sialia sialis Azulejo garganta canela Eastern Bluebird merlebleu de l'est Family Cardinalidae Cardinals Grosbeaks Saltators Cardinal-Grosbeaks Genus Spiza Dickcissels Species Spiza americana Arrocero americano Dickcissel dickcissel d'Amérique Family Passeridae Genus Passer Old World Sparrows Species Passer domesticus Gorrión casero House Sparrow moineau domestique Family Calcariidae Longspurs Snow Buntings Genus Calcarius Longspurs Species Calcarius ornatus Chestnut-collared Longspur Escribano collar castaño Order Suliformes Cormorants cormorans Family Phalacrocoracidae Cormorants Shags Genus Phalacrocorax Cormorants Species Phalacrocorax auritus Cormorán orejudo Double-crested Cormorant Cormoran à aigrettes Order Accipitriformes éperviers Hawks Family Accipitridae Eagles Hawks Kites aigles buses éperviers Genus Buteo Buteonine Hawks Species Buteo jamaicensis Aguililla cola roja Red-tailed Hawk Buse à queue rousse Species Buteo swainsoni Aguililla de Swainson Swainson's Hawk Buse de Swainson Species Buteo regalis Ferruginous Hawk Aguililla real Buse rouilleuse Genus Circus Harriers Species Circus cyaneus Gavilán rastrero Northern Harrier Busard Saint-Martin Identification of bird species was based on expertise and experience and was confirmed by agreement by observers. Prior to conducting field work, observers were trained in wetland classification, wetland size estimation, and regional bird identification (aural and visual). To ensure that bird observations reflected wetland use as breeding habitat, we conducted breeding bird surveys from early May to early July, which coincides with the peak breeding season of wetland breeding birds in this region. In wetlands that were surveyed by two observers, observers compared field notes after each wetland was surveyed to prevent duplication in the counts. For each wetland surveyed, the size of the wetland was estimated by personnel while in the field, or obtained from data collected by U.S. Geological Survey's Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center as part of the Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program effort, or determined from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Inventory database. Data were examined for inconsistencies, invalid entries, and missing values. Statistical summaries and frequency tables were used to look for outliers and invalid entries for each attribute. Duplicate observations were detected and removed from data set. Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the remainder of the metadata record carefully for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted All wetlands were surveyed for birds following procedures provided under "Methodology." Wetland and bird observaton data were recorded on paper data cards in the field. At the end of each day, field personnel examined data cards for errors, including errors of omission and commission. At the end of each field season, the bird and wetland-level data were entered into electronic spreadsheets. 1997 The landscape composition data set was obtained from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Habitat and Population Evaluation Team. 2003 The two data sets (bird and wetland data set and landscape composition data set) were then combined to form the final data set. Error checks of the final data set were conducted. Wetland locations variables (UTM coordinates) were rescaled and wetland size was log transformed. 2016 Field Natural and restored wetlands were identified and located on private lands and on federal National Wildlife Refuges and Waterfowl Production Areas managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). In 1995, bird surveys were restricted to wetlands in North Dakota; additional wetlands from North Dakota and South Dakota were added in 1996 and 1997. Initially, in 1995, we selected some focal wetlands on private and federal lands within 40-km2 hexagons that were established in the region by the Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) to monitor wetland condition. For wetlands on federal lands, field personnel visited individual Wetland Management District offices of the USFWS to identify Waterfowl Production Areas and National Wildlife Refuge lands that contained a range of wetland sizes in five wetland classes (alkali, semipermanent, permanent, seasonal, and temporary) as defined by Stewart and Kantrud (1971). During the visits to Wetland Management District offices, field personnel also obtained information and locations of wetlands on federally or privately owned lands that had been previously drained and later restored. Restored wetlands included sites that had been cultivated or drained prior to restoration. We selected wetlands that had been restored several years prior to this study, because they afforded more mature cover and thus a better perspective on wetland- and landscape-level effects rather than transient effects related to the number of years post-restoration. We obtained written permission from private landowners or operators to survey breeding birds on their wetlands, and secured special-use permits from the USFWS to conduct bird surveys on federal lands. Total-area counts of breeding birds in wetlands were conducted using a minor modification of the survey methods for wetland birds described by Stewart and Kantrud (1972) and Igl and Johnson (1997). Prior to conducting field work, observers were trained in wetland classification and regional bird identification (aural and visual). We conducted breeding bird surveys from early May to early July in each year, which coincides with the peak breeding season of wetland breeding birds in this region. Surveys of breeding birds were conducted between one-half hour before sunrise and the midday lull in bird activity in wetlands, which varies from day to day but usually occurs in the early afternoon in this region (about 1400 CST). We avoided surveying birds in adverse weather conditions (for example, heavy precipitation, sustained winds stronger than 40 kilometers per hour), although surveying during light drizzle or misting on calm days was allowed if birds were still active. The study sites included a wide range of wetland sizes. Small wetlands usually were surveyed by a single observer; large wetlands typically were surveyed simultaneously by two observers, each surveying about one-half of the wetland. Large or wide-ranging birds that flushed from the wetland upon an observer’s arrival at the focal wetland were recorded as being within the wetland. Species on open water that were likely to fly or seek cover upon closer approach were counted from the shoreline or a high vantage point prior to entering a wetland. Birds utilizing emergent vegetation and the shoreline or mudflat were surveyed while walking the wetland perimeter. In narrow zones of emergent vegetation, the observer attempted to flush large or secretive species by wading through the wetland vegetation. In large zones of emergent vegetation, the observer waded in a zigzag course throughout the wetland. In wetlands that were surveyed by two observers, observers compared field notes at the end of the survey to prevent duplication in the counts. Taped calls of seven secretive marsh bird species were broadcast during the survey of a wetland to elicit responses. The broadcast tape was five minutes in length and included common calls, 26–70 seconds in length, of each focal species. The order of the species on the tape was as follows: Sora, Yellow Rail, Virginia Rail, American Coot, Pied-billed Grebe, American Bittern, and Least Bittern. The broadcast calls were played once at small wetlands and multiple times at larger wetlands, such that the entire wetland was covered. After the calls were broadcast, the observers remained briefly at the location of the broadcast to record any responses by the focal species. Counts of birds were based primarily on the number of indicated breeding pairs on territories or home ranges or by the presence of active nests. For most species, nearly all indicated pairs were observed as territorial males or as segregated pairs. In the case of wide-ranging or colonial-nesting species that are not sexually dimorphic or dichromatic, one or two individuals were considered to represent a pair, but if more than two individuals were observed on a wetland, the total number of indicated pairs was derived by halving the total number of individuals counted and rounding up to the nearest whole pair. For the polyandrous Wilson’s Phalarope, segregated pairs and lone females were recorded as indicated pairs. For the polygynous Red-winged and Yellow-headed blackbirds, the number of breeding pairs was based on the number of males and represented, in terms of breeding mates, a minimum population. For the brood parasitic Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater), we based the number of indicated pairs on the total number of females. Birds that were flying overhead were counted only if their flight originated or terminated in the wetland, their attempt to alight in the wetland was deterred due to the presence of an observer, or they were using the wetland while in flight, such as for flycatching or hunting, courtship or communal displaying, etc. The procedures used to determine the number of pairs of breeding waterfowl followed Hammond (1969). In general, single pairs, lone males of dabblers or divers, and lone females of diving ducks, were considered as an indicated pair. Occasionally, the number of lone female ducks on a wetland exceeded the number of males unaccompanied by females. In this case, each excess lone female was considered to represent a pair. We did not consider certain birds observed during the surveys to be using the wetlands and excluded them from our results. These included (1) wide-ranging colonial waterbirds (for example, pelicans, cormorants, egrets, and herons) passing high overhead, and (2) other birds passing overhead in high, direct flight. Juveniles were recorded but not considered part of the breeding population at a site; however, a single adult or a pair of adults accompanied by a one or more juveniles was counted as a single pair. Some wetlands were surveyed in more than one year. For each wetland surveyed, the size of the wetland was estimated by field personnel, obtained from the data collected by U.S. Geological Survey's Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center as part of the Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program effort, or determined from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) database. During field work in each year, field personnel also estimated the percentage cover of major wetland zones for each wetland. The number of wetland zones and the definitions of some wetland zones changed among years, which resulted in some wetland zones being collapsed into a broader category. The final four wetland zones included open water, emergent vegetation (for example, cattail [Typha spp.], bulrush [Cyperaceae], flooded shrubs [for example, Salix spp.]), wet meadow (for example, fine-textured grasses [Poacea], rushes [Juncaceae], and sedges [Cyperaceae]), and shoreline/mudflat. L. D. Igl D. H. Johnson 1997 document Auk 114 Unknown American Ornithologists' Union R. E. Stewart H. A. Kantrud 1972 document Auk 89 Unknown American Ornithologists' Union M. C. Hammond 1969 Pages 238–254 in Saskatoon Wetlands Seminar document Report Series 6 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canadian Wildlife Service Lab To evaluate the effects of landscape variables on wetland bird abundance, we identified the location of the surveyed wetlands in the NWI database (Wilen and Bates, 1995). Delineated wetlands in the NWI database were converted to individual depressional wetland basins by dissolving arcs and classifying the wetland basin by the most permanent water regime, using techniques described by Cowardin and others (1995) and Johnson and Higgins (1997). Wetlands were then classified as temporary, seasonal, semipermanent, permanent, or alkali, using the wetland classification system and terminology developed by Stewart and Kantrud (1971). Upland habitats in the landscape surrounding the surveyed wetlands were classified by the USFWS’s Habitat and Population Evaluation Team (HAPET) using Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery into three major categories: wetlands (separate for each wetland class), agriculture (that is, row crop, small grains, fallow), and grasslands (undisturbed grasses and native grasses combined). We sampled landscape habitat within 800 m of each wetland using circular moving-window analysis, which summarizes data within a window of a selected size around each 30×30-m cell in a GIS data layer (Niemuth and others, 2008). The landscape data were in raster format, and the area within each moving window was about 191 ha for a circle with radius approximating 800 m. We also determined the total number of wetlands within 800 m of each wetland. B. O. Wilen M. K. Bates 1995 document Vegetatio 118 New York, New York Springer R. E. Stewart H. A. Kantrud 1971 document Resource Publication 92 Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife https://pubs.usgs.gov/rp/092/report.pdf N. D. Niemuth R. E. Reynolds D. A. Granfors R. E. Johnson B. Wangler M. E. Estey. 2008 document Amsterdam, Netherlands Elsevier Science Pages 533-560 In Millspaugh, J.J., and Thompson, F.R., III, (eds.), Models for planning wildlife conservation in large landscapes. L. M. Cowardin T. L. Shaffer P. M. Arnold 1995 document Biological Science Report 2 Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service R. R. Johnson K. F. Higgins 1997 document Brookings, South Dakota South Dakota State University and the U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit https://www.fws.gov/wetlands/Documents/Wetland-Resources-of-Eastern-South-Dakota.pdf Prefixes were used in the wetland ID to indicate general locations of the wetlands. The prefix WT was used for wetlands owned by the North Dakota Natural Resources Trust (formerly North Dakota Wetlands Trust). Most of the prefixes used in the wetland ID are derived from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Wetland Management Districts. The following Wetland Management District prefixes were used in the wetland ID: AU represents Audubon Wetland Management District, AW represents Arrowwood Wetland Management District, CL represents Chase Lake Wetland Management District, DL represents Devils Lake Wetland Management District, DS represents Des Lacs Wetland Management District, HU represents Huron Wetland Management District, JC represents J. Clark Salyer Wetland Management District, KU represents Kulm Wetland Management District, LA represents Lake Andes Wetland Management District, LL represents Long Lake Wetland Management District, LW represents Lostwood Wetland Management District, MA represents Madison Wetland Management District, SL represents Sand Lake Wetland Management District, TE represents Tewauken Wetland Management District, WA represents Waubay Wetland Management District. Point Universal Transverse Mercator 14 0.9996 -99 0.0 500000 0.0 coordinate pair 1 1 meters North American Datum of 1927 Clarke 1866 6378206.4 m 294.979 Wetland_Bird_Survey_Data_For_Analyses_1995to1997_ND_SD.csv This data set includes wetland bird survey data collected from 1995 to 1997 in North and South Dakota. Originator defined ID Unique identifier for each wetland. Originator defined The first two letters (prefix) of the ID indicate the general location of the wetland within North or South Dakota. Most of the prefixes represent wetland management districts within the two states. Refer to Indirect Spatial Reference for prefix information. The prefix is followed by a 6-digit number unique to each wetland. CLASS Wetland class Stewart, R.E. and H.A. Kantrud. 1971. Classification of Natural Ponds and Lakes in the Glaciated Prairie Region. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., USA. Resource Publication 92. 57 pp. ALKALI Alkali wetland Stewart, R.E. and H.A. Kantrud. 1971. Classification of Natural Ponds and Lakes in the Glaciated Prairie Region. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., USA. Resource Publication 92. 57 pp. PERM Permanent wetland Stewart, R.E. and H.A. Kantrud. 1971. Classification of Natural Ponds and Lakes in the Glaciated Prairie Region. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., USA. Resource Publication 92. 57 pp. SEAS Seasonal wetland Stewart, R.E. and H.A. Kantrud. 1971. Classification of Natural Ponds and Lakes in the Glaciated Prairie Region. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., USA. Resource Publication 92. 57 pp. SEMI Semipermanent wetland Stewart, R.E. and H.A. Kantrud. 1971. Classification of Natural Ponds and Lakes in the Glaciated Prairie Region. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., USA. Resource Publication 92. 57 pp. TEMP Temporary wetland Stewart, R.E. and H.A. Kantrud. 1971. Classification of Natural Ponds and Lakes in the Glaciated Prairie Region. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., USA. Resource Publication 92. 57 pp. OWNER Owner of wetland Originator defined PRIV Wetland on private land Originator defined FED Wetland in a Waterfowl Production Area or National Wildlife Refuge managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Originator defined WTYPE Wetland type - either a restored wetland or a natural wetland Originator defined NATURAL Natural wetland Originator defined RESTORED Restored wetland Originator defined SIZE Wetland area in hectares Originator defined 0.01 204.26 hectares LSIZE Natural log of wetland area (i.e., ln(SIZE)) Originator defined -4.605 5.319 log hectares YEAR Year that data were collected Gregorian calendar year 1995 1997 JULDATE Day-of-year number for month and day on which observation was recorded (JULDATE 1 represents 1 January) Originator defined 138 184 EASTING Easting for wetland location Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system 187248 695777 meters EAST Easting for wetland scaled as (easting - minimum easting)/1000 Originator defined 0 508.529 kilometers NORTHING Northing for wetland location Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system 4773785 5427451.021 meters NORTH Northing for wetland scaled as (northing - minimum northing)/1000 Originator defined 0 653.666 kilometers OW Percent of wetland basin that is open water Originator defined 0 100 percent EV Percent of wetland basin that is emergent vegetation Originator defined 0 100 percent WM Percent of wetland basin that is wet meadow Originator defined 0 100 percent SM Percent of wetland basin that is shoreline/mudflat or strand Originator defined 0 100 percent AG800 Percent of area within 800 meters of wetland basin's easting and northing location that is agricultural land Originator defined 0 90 percent GRASS800 Percent of area within 800 meters of wetland basin's easting and northing location that is grassland Originator defined 0 97 percent WETLAND800 Percent of area within 800 meters of wetland basin's easting and northing location that is wetland Originator defined 0 82 percent NUMWET800 Number of wetland basins within 800 meters of wetland basin's easting and northing location Originator defined 1 75 SPPCODE Unique four letter alpha code identifying species, as defined by Bird Banding Laboratory in 1995. Bird Banding Laboratory, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 1995, http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/BBL/ Wetland_Bird_Species_names_and_codes_1995to1997_ND_SD.csv Originator defined PAIRS Number of indicated breeding pairs Originator defined 0 173 Wetland_Bird_Species_names_and_codes_1995to1997_ND_SD.csv Four-letter alpha code, common name, and scientific name for all bird species observed Originator defined SPPCODE Unique four letter alpha code identifying species, as defined by Bird Banding Laboratory in 1995. Bird Banding Laboratory, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 1995, http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/BBL/ Four-letter alpha code for each species. Each code represents a single species (common name and scientific names of each species are included in the other two attributes in this entity). Common_name Species common name, at time of publication (accessed online database on 20160909, http://www.itis.gov). Integrated Taxonomic Information System, accessed online database on 20160909, http://www.itis.gov Species common name Scientific_name Species scientific name (genus and species), at the time of publication (accessed online database on 20160909, http://www.itis.gov). Integrated Taxonomic Information System, accessed online database on 20160909, http://www.itis.gov Scientific name: Genus and species U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing

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Denver Colorado 80225 United States 888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. ASCII rfc4180; http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4180 comma separated values Wetland_Bird_Survey_Data_For_Analyses_1995to1997_ND_SD.csv 17.419 CRLF 3 L1: metadata file name, L2: revision data, L3: field names columnmajor N 830b8a60e3cd38fc95031fd26a1dc410 none ID none , CLASS none , OWNER none , WTYPE none , SIZE none , LSIZE none , YEAR none , JULDATE none , EASTING none , EAST none , NORTHING none , NORTH none , OW none , EV none , WM none , SM none , AG800 none , GRASS800 none , WETLAND800 none , NUMWET800 none , SPPCODE none , PAIRS none none https://doi.org/10.5066/F7FX77XM ASCII rfc4180; http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4180 Comma separated values Wetland_Bird_Species_names_and_codes_1995to1997_ND_SD.csv 0.006 CRLF 3 L1: metadata file name, L2: revision data, L3: field names columnmajor N ceec50d706972b9c4f9dd8cbd0a9bc1a none SPPCODE none , Common_name none , Scientific_name none none https://doi.org/10.5066/F7FX77XM None 20200825 Lawrence D. Igl U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical

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Jamestown North Dakota 58401 United States 701-253-5500 ligl@usgs.gov FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001.1-1999 It is strongly recommended that this metadata record is directly acquired from the distributor described above or from U.S. Geological Survey Science Data Catalog (http://data.usgs.gov/) or ScienceBase Catalog Service (https://www.sciencebase.gov). Acknowledgment of U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center as the metadata source would be appreciated. Please cite the original metadata when using summarized data herein or when using portions of the metadata record to create a similar record of slightly altered data, such as re-projection.