U.S. Geological Survey Cindy Thatcher Jeffrey Danielson Dean Gesch Bruce Worstell 20160317 Vector Digital Data Set (Polygon) U.S. Geological Survey Data Release doi:10.5066/F7M043J4 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7M043J4 Hurricane Sandy, which made landfall on October 29, 2012, near Brigantine, New Jersey, had a significant impact on coastal New Jersey, including the large areas of emergent wetlands at Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) and the Barnegat Bay region. In response to Hurricane Sandy, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has undertaken several projects to assess the impacts of the storm and provide data and scientific analysis to support recovery and restoration efforts. As part of these efforts, the USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP) sponsored Coastal National Elevation Database (CoNED) Applications Project in collaboration with the USGS National Geospatial Program (NGP), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) developed a three-dimensional (3D) 1-meter topobathymetric elevation models (TBDEMs) for the New Jersey/Delaware sub-region including the Delaware Estuary and adjacent coastline. The integrated elevation data are extending the USGS 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) Elevation Dataset within the Hurricane Sandy impact zone to enable the widespread creation of flood, hurricane, and sea-level rise inundation hazard maps. More information on the USGS CoNED project is available at http://topotools.cr.usgs.gov/coned/index.php. The CoNED Applications Project team is also developing new applications for pre- and post-Hurricane Sandy regional lidar datasets for mapping the spatial extent of coastal wetlands. These new methods have been developed to derive detailed land/water polygons for an area in coastal New Jersey, which is dominated by a complex configuration of emergent wetlands and open water. Using pre- and post-Hurricane Sandy lidar data, repeatable geospatial methods were used to map the land/water spatial configuration at a regional scale to complement wetland mapping that uses traditional methods such as photointerpretation and image classification. Lidar offers high spatial resolution (i.e. < 1 meter point spacing) and precise elevation data that can be used to efficiently map the land/water interface. Pre- and post-Hurricane Sandy lidar data were processed and analyzed to map coastal wetland changes over the extent of Forsythe NWR and Barnegat Bay. The resulting data can be used to visualize and quantify changes in wetland morphology such as erosion, wetland inundation, internal ponding and marsh migration across the region. The analyses are based on airborne lidar acquired in 2010 and 2014. References: NOAA, 2011. NJ2010_ARRA_3counties_m4868_metadata.xml, available at ftp://coast.noaa.gov/pub/DigitalCoast/lidar1_z/geoid12a/data/4868/. NOAA, 2015a. 2014_NGS_postSandy_topobathy, available at ftp://coast.noaa.gov/pub/DigitalCoast/lidar1_z/geoid12b/data/4800. NOAA, 2015b. NOAA C-CAP National Wetland Potential, available at https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/noaa-c-cap-national-wetland-potential. Riley, S.J., DeGloria, S.D., and Elliot, R. 1999. A terrain ruggedness index that quantifies topographic heterogeneity. Intermountain Journal of Sciences, Vol. 5, No1-4, p 23-27. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 2016. National Wetlands Inventory, available at http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/ 20100410 ground condition Complete None planned -74.59926304 -74.017094549 40.085030662 39.324256359 USGS Thesaurus LIDAR None wetlands National Wetlands Inventory ISO 19115 Topic Category Elevation Oceans Environment USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:580e7704e4b0f497e794b928 Common geographic areas New Jersey None Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge Barnegat Bay None The U.S. Geological Survey requests to be acknowledged as originator of the data in future products or derivative research. U.S. Geological Survey, Southeast Region Cindy Thatcher Geographer mailing address

Mail Stop 521, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr

Reston VA 20192 703-648-5122 703-648-4603 thatcherc@usgs.gov Environment as of Metadata Creation: Microsoft Windows 7 Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; Esri ArcGIS 10.2.2 (Build 3552) Service Pack N/A (Build N/A) No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the data set has not been conducted. A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the data set has either not been conducted, or is not applicable. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 201209 Vector Digital Data Set Washington DC U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/index.html Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources 2008 ground condition National Wetlands Inventory National Wetlands Inventory wetland classes define all the wetland/land cover classes in this dataset, with the exception of water bodies within emergent wetlands. NOAA National Ocean Service, Office for Coastal Management 20110215 Vector Digital Data Set Charleston, SC NOAA ftp://coast.noaa.gov/pub/DigitalCoast/lidar1_z/geoid12a/data/4868 https://coast.noaa.gov/dataviewer Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources 20100401 20100410 ground condition NOAA NJ 2010 Lidar 2010 lidar point cloud was used to delineate water bodies in emergent wetlands in 2010 The analyses are based on airborne lidar acquired in 2010 and 2014. The April 2010 lidar survey is known as the ARRA New Jersey 3 counties survey for Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) RiskMAP, which covers Atlantic, Ocean and Monmouth Counties in New Jersey. The lidar data had a nominal point spacing no greater than 1 m, with a vertical accuracy of at least 18.5 cm root mean square error (RMSEz; NOAA, 2011). A post-Hurricane Sandy lidar survey was conducted in 2014 by the NOAA National Geodetic Survey (NGS), covering the Atlantic Coast from South Carolina to New York. The majority of the lidar tiles in the New Jersey study area were collected from February-May 2014, with a small number of tiles at the north end of the study area collected in December 2012. The vertical accuracy is at least 12.5 cm RMSEz (NOAA, 2015a). 2016 The extent of water bodies in the emergent wetlands is based on a combination of lidar point cloud voids analysis, topographic roughness index calculations, and a minimum elevation threshold. A Python script for ArcGIS was developed that contains the geoprocessing steps used to derive a vector polygon shapefile delineating water bodies. First, a digital elevation model (DEM) was derived from the lidar points classified as ground. The ground points were gridded using the las dataset to raster tool in ArcGIS, with the cell assignment parameter set to average, and the void fill method set to simple at a cell size of 1-meter. All voids (no data cells in the raster) were extracted from the DEM as potential water bodies, because water tends to absorb the laser pulse rather than reflecting it back to the lidar instrument. Next, elevation values less than 0 m were extracted from the DEM and combined with the voids as a binary raster. The DEM was also analyzed to extract flat areas, which often correspond to water bodies. To identify flat areas, TRI was calculated from the DEM, using methods described by Riley and others (1999), and a threshold value of 0.14 was applied to the TRI raster to identify flat areas. Next, a series of geoprocessing tools were used in ArcGIS to combine the voids, areas below the 0 elevation threshold and flat areas, convert the raster to polygons, and apply smoothing and aggregate functions to derive the water body boundaries. 2016 Because other landscape features in the DEM are also flat, such as places where dense vegetation (forest) and buildings have been removed from the point cloud, ancillary geospatial layers were used to remove erroneous polygons in forests and urban areas. A forest and marsh map was derived from the lidar point cloud by calculating the height difference between the first surface and bare earth. Next, the density of the lidar point cloud within a 3m pixel (calculated using a moving window analysis) combined with the NOAA Coastal Change Analysis Program (C-CAP) National Wetland Potential map was used to delineate forest and marsh areas. The wetland potential map is a probability rating that provides the wetland likelihood at a specific location, based on soils, elevation, existing wetland inventories, satellite imagery, and other factors (NOAA, 2015b). The resulting forest and marsh map was used as a mask to remove water bodies located within the forest class. Next, the remaining water bodies were combined with the 2008 National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) data for New Jersey (USFWS, 2016), which is a detailed wetlands map digitized through photointerpretation of 2008 National Agriculture Imagery Program digital orthophotos. The NWI map was used to remove water body polygons that were not within the estuarine and marine wetland class in the NWI map. After this step, the remaining water boundary polygons are located only in emergent herbaceous marsh. 2016 The minimum mapping unit for the water body polygons is 300 square meters. All water polygons smaller than this size were removed from the dataset. 2016 Vector G-polygon 16210 Universal Transverse Mercator 18 0.9996 -75.0 0.0 500000.0 0.0 coordinate pair 0.6096 0.6096 Meter D_North_American_1983 GRS_1980 6378137.0 298.257222101 Attribute Table Table containing attribute information associated with the data set. Producer defined WETLAND_TY National Wetlands Inventory wetland type USFWS Estuarine and Marine Deepwater Open water estuary, bay, sound, open ocean USFWS Estuarine and Marine Wetland Vegetated and non-vegetated brackish and saltwater marsh, shrubs, beach, bar, shoal or flat USFWS Freshwater Emergent Wetland Herbaceous marsh, fen, swale and wet meadow USFWS Freshwater Forested/Shrub Wetland Forested swamp or wetland shrub bog or wetland USFWS Freshwater Pond Oibd USFWS Lake Lake or reservoir basin USFWS Not wetland Uplands or other non-wetland category USFWS, USGS Riverine River or stream channel USFWS TRI_NWI National Wetlands Inventory wetland type, updated with lidar-based analysis of wetland land/water extent. There are three new wetland class types not present in the original NWI data: NWI=water, TRI=land: This class is usually found at the edges of water bodies where the lidar analysis and NWI do not agree, or in narrow channels where the lidar analysis failed to correctly identify water. NWI- not wetland, TRI= water: This class is usually building footprints that are very close to the shoreline and were incorrectly classified as water during the lidar analysis. TRI water: Defined as water by the lidar analysis, but classified as emergent wetland in NWI. USFWS, USGS Estuarine and Marine Wetland Vegetated and non-vegetated brackish and saltwater marsh, shrubs, beach, bar, shoal or flat USFWS Freshwater Emergent Wetland Herbaceous marsh, fen, swale and wet meadow USFWS Freshwater Forested/Shrub Wetland Forested swamp or wetland shrub bog or wetland USFWS Not wetland Upland or other non-wetland class USFWS, USGS NWI= water, TRI= land This water class is usually found at the edges of water bodies where the lidar analysis and NWI do not agree, or in narrow channels where the lidar analysis failed to correctly identify water. USGS NWI=not wetland, TRI=water This land class is usually building footprints that are very close to the shoreline and were incorrectly classified as water during the lidar analysis. USGS TRI water This water class is defined as water by the lidar analysis, but classified as emergent wetland in NWI. USGS landwater landwater attribute: 0=l and 1= water USGS 0 1 not applicable sq_meters Area of polygon ESRI 0.000219713870585 92754848.7479 square meters NWI_code National Wetlands Inventory wetland code USFWS The wetland classification codes are a series of letter and number codes that have been developed to adapt the national wetland classification system to map form. These alpha-numeric codes correspond to the classification nomenclature that best describes the habitat. (for example, PFO1A) The Wetland Code Interpreter is a tool that will instantly provide the detailed habitat descriptions for an area represented by the wetland classification code. Enter a wetland area's code into the interpreter and obtain the classification of that wetland area as defined in Cowardin and others (1979). See: https://www.fws.gov/wetlands/data/Wetland-Codes.html The entity and attribute information provided here describes the tabular data associated with the data set. Please review the detailed descriptions that are provided (the individual attribute descriptions) for information on the values that appear as fields/table entries of the data set. The entity and attribute information was generated by the individual and/or agency identified as the originator of the data set. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information. U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov This digital publication was prepared by an agency of the United States Government. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, nor shall the act of distribution imply any such warranty. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and (or) contained herein. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. Metadata Access Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. The U.S. Geological Survey requests to be acknowledged as originator of the data in future products or derivative research. Vector Digital Data Set (Polygon) https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7M043J4 None. No fees are applicable for obtaining the data set. 20200831 Cindy Thatcher U.S. Geological Survey mailing address

12201 Sunrise Valley Dr., MS 511

Reston VA 20192 1-703-648-5122 thatcherc@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998