Ben D. Hoen James E. Diffendorfer Joseph T. Rand Louisa A. Kramer Christopher P. Garrity Hannah E. Hunt 20180419 Vector Digital Dataset (Point) Denver, CO and Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://energy.usgs.gov/uswtdb/ https://doi.org/10.5066/F7TX3DN0 Joseph T. Rand Louisa A. Kramer Christopher P. Garrity Ben D. Hoen Jay E. Diffendorfer Hannah E. Hunt Michael Spears 20200113 publication Scientific Data vol. 7, issue 1 n/a Springer Science and Business Media LLC https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0353-6 This dataset provides locations and technical specifications of wind turbines in the United States, almost all of which are utility-scale. Utility-scale turbines are ones that generate power and feed it into the grid, supplying a utility with energy. They are usually much larger than turbines that would feed a house or business. The regularly updated database contains wind turbine records that have been collected, digitized, and locationally verified. Turbine data were gathered from the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Digital Obstacle File (DOF) and Obstruction Evaluation Airport Airspace Analysis (OE-AAA), American Clean Power (ACP) Association (formerly American Wind Energy Association (AWEA)), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and the United States Geological Survey (USGS), and were merged and collapsed into a single dataset. Verification of the turbine positions was done by visual interpretation using high-resolution aerial imagery in ESRI ArcGIS Desktop. A locational error of plus or minus 10 meters for turbine locations was tolerated. Technical specifications for turbines were assigned based on the wind turbine make and models as provided by manufacturers and project developers directly, and via FAA datasets, information on the wind project developer or turbine manufacturer websites, or other online sources. Some facility and turbine information on make and model did not exist or was difficult to obtain. Thus, uncertainty may exist for certain turbine specifications. Similarly, some turbines were not yet built, not built at all, or for other reasons cannot be verified visually. Location and turbine specifications data quality are rated, and confidence is recorded for both. None of the data are field verified. The purpose of this information is to provide a regularly updated, publicly available, spatially referenced, national dataset made up of utility-scale wind turbine locations and their technical specifications. An appropriate use of the data would be for scientific analysis, research, or for general interest for the public. The zip files provided within this data release product contain data available in ESRI shapefile format. The user must have software capable of uncompressing the file and displaying the shapefile. In lieu of ArcGIS, the user may utilize another GIS application package capable of importing the data. 1982 2025 ground condition Planned quarterly -171.7131 144.7227 70.2097 13.3894 None - Free Keywords turbine energy shapefile renewable wind turbine wind farm wind facility database turbine characteristics verified USWTDB national wind USGS U.S. Geological Survey LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ACP (formerly AWEA) ACP American Clean Power turbine USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:57bdfd8fe4b03fd6b7df5ff9 None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. None. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Ben D. Hoen Research Scientist Mailing address

20 Sawmill Road

Milan NY 12571 United States 845-758-1896 510-486-6996 bhoen@lbl.gov The creation of this database was jointly funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Wind Energy Technologies Office (WETO) via the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) Electricity Markets and Policy Group, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Energy Resources Program, and the American Clean Power Association (ACP).The authors thank Patrick Gilman, Maggie Yancey, and Jocelyn Brown-Saracino of the DOE, as well as the USGS Energy Mission Area, for their support. We also thank the members of the Wind Turbine Radar Interference Mitigation working group for their feedback during the development of this database, particularly Jason Biddle and Lily Lee at MIT Lincoln Laboratory for their assistance in identifying dismantled turbines, and Scott Smith and Frederick “Stitch” Shepherd of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) for their unwavering support. We acknowledge Stephen Creed from the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) for his insights on offshore wind, Madison Langseth (USGS) for setting up the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and releasing the data on ScienceBase, and Aaron Roper and Steven Cahan (USGS) for their assistance with turbine visual verification. Thanks also to Jarett Zuboy, Vivian Hutchison (USGS), and Salma Elmallah (LBNL) for reviewing and providing comments. Additional USGS personnel supported by the Energy Resources Program, including Zach Ancona, Evan Bargnesi, Eric Morrissey, and Jeremy Ray, and the Land Change Science Program’s Darren “Paco” Van Sistine, are also thanked for their reviews and comments. Environment as of Metadata Creation: Microsoft 365 Version 2308 Build 16731.20636; Esri ArcPro 3.2.2 Turbine data points were spatially verified using aerial imagery to confirm or edit their correct positions. The map scale used while verifying and digitizing turbines depended on location, need, and imagery availability. Authors used aerial imagery with a typical assessment map scale of 1:2,000 to 1:5,000. None of the spatial verification was done at a map scale smaller than 1:5,000. Uncertainty may exist for certain turbine "locations" as indicated in the confidence turbine location field (t_conf_loc). Uncertainty in turbine "specifications" is indicated in the confidence of attribute field (t_conf_atr). No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. This dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. It is regularly updated (typically quarterly) to add and remove turbines. Characteristics and turbines specifications might be altered over time. Users should be aware that the location data were based on a snapshot in time; turbines could have been removed after that time or built since the image date presented. Users are advised to read the metadata record carefully for additional details. None of the data are field verified. The wind turbine points were horizontally verified with aerial imagery as specified in the image source attribute. NAIP provides 1-meter ground sample distance orthoimagery to within plus or minus 6 meters to true ground at a 95-percent confidence level. The Bing Maps Aerial basemaps and Maxar (formerly Digital Globe) imagery have a variable resolution and accuracy based on image source, type, and location. The Bing Maps Aerial basemaps horizontal accuracy for CONUS is estimated to be 0.3 meters to 0.03 meters. Maxar imagery is estimated to be 0.3 meters to 0.03 meters. A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the dataset has either not been conducted or is not applicable. FAA 20250708 Other Aeronautical Information Services FAA https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/digital_products/dof/ Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources 20250512 20250706 ground condition FAA DOF Source information used in support of the development of the dataset. U.S. Geological Survey 20150501 Vector Digital Dataset U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/F7251G8Q Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources 19810101 20140302 ground condition USGS 2014 Wind Turbine Locations Source information used in support of the development of the dataset. American Clean Power Association (formerly American Wind Energy Association) 20250714 Other Available to ACP members only American Clean Power Association (formerly American Wind Energy Association) https://cleanpower.org/cleanpower-iq/ Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources 19810101 20250331 ground condition CleanpowerIQ Source information used in support of the development of the dataset. Data are only for internal ACP (formerly AWEA) member use. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 20170101 Other NOT APPLICABLE - LBNL internal data LBNL NOT APPLICABLE Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources 19860101 20161231 ground condition LBNL WTDB Source information used in support of the development of the dataset. Data are only for internal use. FAA 20250807 Other Obstruction Evaluation Group FAA https://oeaaa.faa.gov/oeaaa/external/public/publicAction.jsp?action=showCaseDownloadForm Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources 20050405 20250805 ground condition FAA OE-AAA Source information used in support of the development of the dataset. EIA 20240923 Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860/ Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources 20240923 ground condition EIA-860 Source information used in support of the development of the dataset. Prior to the steps listed below, U.S. wind turbines were identified, mapped, and verified by the USGS for a separate dataset: 'Onshore Industrial Wind Turbine Locations for the United States to March 2014'. A description of the process to develop that dataset can be found in the metadata file for that release (https://doi.org/10.5066/F7251G8Q). Building off this earlier effort, the following steps were taken to expand and update the United States Wind Turbine Database (USWTDB) with the collaboration between the USGS, LBNL, and ACP (formerly AWEA). Please note that some steps are iterated on a quarterly basis to keep the dataset current. For additional information, see 'A continuously updated, geospatially rectified database of utility-scale wind turbines in the United States' https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0353-6. (1) The March 2014 USGS dataset containing 48,956 turbines, 34,864 of which had unique FAA Obstacle Repository System (ORS) numbers, was merged with the LBNL wind turbine dataset. (2) The LBNL dataset had previously existed separately in-house and had the FAA ORS number as well as many of the same fields as the USGS dataset. It was merged into the USGS dataset using the ORS number, bringing in LBNL fields and IDs. (3) Non-matching LBNL turbines were also added as LBNL-only turbines. (4) The most recent FAA Digital Obstacle File (DOF) was downloaded and filtered for "windmills", and reprojected from WGS-84, as FAA provided it, to NAD-83 datum, the USGS and LBNL datum. These new coordinates were used later in the process. (5) The DOF dataset was then merged into the working USWTDB using the ORS number, keeping new (non-matching) DOF-only turbines, and DOF variables (faa_aglht, faa_amslht, faa_asn, ylat, xlong). (6) The most recent FAA Obstacle Evaluation Airport Airspace Analysis (OE-AAA) file was downloaded and filtered for "windmills". (7) The OE-AAA dataset was merged into working USWTDB using the Aeronautical Study Number (ASN) and preserved as the faa_asn attribute, keeping new (non-matching) turbines as OE-only and OE-AAA variables (oe_builtdate, oe_appdate, oe_expdate, oe_comdate, notice of, status, dtrmntn, oe_aglht, ylat, xlong). (8) The latest ACP WindIQ turbine dataset was downloaded. (9) A geospatial match between ACP turbines and the working USWTDB was performed using the "geonear" command in Stata statistical analysis software and the following steps: [a] Save separate ACP and working USWTDB datasets. [b] Run the "geonear" command in Stata between the two datasets to determine and "match" nearest neighbors (i.e., these turbines are suspected to be the same turbine but from the two different datasets) and calculate the distance between them. [c] Calculate differences in the installed year, hub height, rotor diameter, and total height between "matched" turbine pairs. [d] Accept "match" (meaning assume they are, in fact, the same turbine) IF the distance between pairs is zero (perfect geospatial match), OR the distance between pairs is less than 100 feet (30.5 m) and hub height, rotor diameter, and installed year are equal between the pairs. If the match criteria were not met, both turbines in the pair were saved for subsequent visual inspection and for the "manual" confirmation of the match. Non-matching ACP turbines were added to the dataset as ACP-only turbines, and all ACP variables (turbine ID, p_year, t_cap, t_hh, t_rd, t_ttlh, ylat, xlong, t_manu, t_model, t_state, t_retrofit, t_retro_yr, as well as other variables) were added to the dataset. (10) A hierarchy was developed because multiple datasets contain some of the same fields (e.g., t_ttlh was contained in USGS, LBNL, DOF, OE-AAA, and ACP datasets) Because LBNL and ACP data are sourced from two high-quality sources (OEMs and developers) and reconciled to eliminate differences, LBNL data is the primary source for turbine attributes and turbine project characteristics, followed by ACP, USGS, DOF, and finally OE-AAA. In the overwhelming majority of cases, differences between sources were minimal, but when discrepancies existed, that order was used to populate fields. All fields that are missing from higher-order sources are populated from lower sources. (11) The working (i.e., fully merged) USWTDB was spatially joined with base layers via ArcMap in order to pin t_state, t_county, and t_fips to turbine points. (12) Turbine points were selected by state, saved as individual files per state, and distributed to authors for editing. (13) A basemap image from Maxar (formerly Digital Globe) was added to the ArcMap project file. If Digital Globe imagery did not show a turbine installation, USDA/NAIP County Mosaic Orthoimagery or Google Earth imagery was cross-checked. Previous Bing map image source was retained for some of the previous USGS data. (14) Turbine points were visually verified and edited/moved to the base of the turbine as needed with an estimated tolerance of 10 meters. (15) If the turbine data point was not seen on an image, the t_conf_loc was entered as 1. If the turbine point was in partial construction or had other doubts, the t_conf_loc was entered as 2. If a turbine was clearly seen on an image, the t_conf_loc was entered as 3. Turbines that have not yet been visually verified are labeled with 0 in t_conf_loc. (16) Turbine points that had existed previously but were since decommissioned and removed were flagged as decommissioned and later removed (see step 20). (17) Duplicate turbine points (largely resulting from ACP geospatial merge) were identified, and t_img_date, and t_img_src were attributed for each turbine. (18) Non-turbine points that had been assigned FAA Obstacle Repository System (ORS) numbers or were digitized in the process, such as communications towers, meteorological towers, water windmills, power transmission towers, etc., were removed. (19) Edited wind turbine files for each state were merged into one single shapefile. Turbines identified as duplicates were matched, all fields were collapsed into a single turbine observation, and duplicate points were removed. (20) Turbines flagged as decommissioned were removed. (21) QA/QC was conducted for spatial accuracy and attribution by a peer or a supervisor other than the author who initially completed the work. As noted above, steps 4-21 are repeated on a quarterly basis, using the most recent USWTDB as the starting point. (22) Starting with version 2_3, an additional attribute of the eia_id 860 plant code was added to allow users to correlate to EIA 860 data. The plant codes were initially matched to ACP base data when available and provided by ACP. The incomplete values were matched manually based on project name, year, turbine make/model, state, county, etc. (23) Starting with version 3_3, two additional attributes were added. The attributes retrofit (later renamed t_retrofit) and t_retro_yr included ACP data to identify turbines that have been partially retrofitted (i.e., new rotor blades and/or nacelles on existing towers) and the year the retrofit occurred. This information is derived from ACP's WindIQ database. (24) An additional attribute named t_offshore was added with version 7_0 to identify turbines that are located offshore. (25) Lastly, a CSV of the data was exported, a changelog was created, and a data dictionary defining the entities and attributes was included; all are available for download with this data release. 20250925 Point Entity point 75417 0.000000001 0.000000001 Decimal degrees D_North_American_1983 GRS_1980 6378137.0 298.257222101 Attribute Table Table containing attribute information associated with the shapefile and CSV file with date and version in title. Producer Defined case_id Unique stable identification number. Producer Defined 3000001 3141848 faa_ors FAA unique identifier for each turbine for cross-reference to the FAA Digital Obstacle Files (FAA DOF). FAA, https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/digital_products/dof/ missing "missing" values in the shapefile and blank values in the CSV indicate unknown values. Producer Defined Identifier with the first two digits indicating a state, then a dash, with a sequential number following. faa_asn FAA obstruction evaluation airport airspace analysis (oe-aaa) aeronautical study number (asn). FAA, https://oeaaa.faa.gov/oeaaa/external/public/publicAction.jsp missing "missing" values in the shapefile and blank values in the CSV indicate unknown values. Producer Defined Identifier with the following format: year-region-number-case type (FAA regional boundaries id across the country such as: AAL, ACE, AEA, AGL, ANE, ANM, ASO, ASW, AWP, WTE and WTW) (case types: Nonrule Making Airport (NRA), Nonrule (NR), or an Obstruction Evaluation (OE) study). eia_id EIA identification for cross-reference to the EIA-860 data. https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860/ -9999 -9999 values in the shapefile and blank values in the CSV indicate no known value. Producer Defined 90 68318 usgs_pr_id Unique, stable object number for cross-reference to a prior dataset. USGS https://doi.org/10.5066/F7251G8Q -9999 -9999 values in the shapefile and blank values in the CSV indicate no known value. Producer Defined 1 49135 t_state State where turbine is located. https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER_RD18/LAYER/ NA Not applicable (N/A). This is for offshore turbines where this attribute would not apply. Producer Defined U.S. Postal 2-Letter State U.S. Census / U.S. Postal Service https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files.html t_county County or county equivalent where the turbine is located. https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files/2018/geo/carto-boundary-file.html NA Not applicable (N/A). This is for offshore turbines where this attribute would not apply. Producer Defined County or county equivalent, based on the spatial join of turbine points with U.S. state and county shapefile. t_fips State and county FIPS where turbine is located, based on the spatial join of turbine points with U.S. state and county shapefile. U.S. Census NA Not applicable (N/A). This is for offshore turbines where this attribute would not apply. Producer Defined FIPS Code (5-Digit State and County ID) U.S. Census / U.S. Postal Service https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/technical-documentation/code-lists.html p_name Name of the wind power project that the turbine is a part of. Producer Defined unknown Name County If no project name can be identified via these methods, authors assigned a name based on the county where the turbines are located. Producer Defined Project names are typically provided to ACP (formerly AWEA) by the developer; some names are identified from other website search resources, and others are created by the authors to differentiate them from previous projects. p_year The year the wind power project became operational and began providing power. In some cases, the year is estimated based on the year the turbine was erected, which may precede when it became operational and sometimes fall in the preceding year. Producer Defined -9999 -9999 values in the shapefile and blank values in the CSV indicate no known value. Producer Defined 1982 2025 Year p_tnum The number of turbines in the wind power project. Producer Defined 1 664 Count p_cap The cumulative capacity of all turbines in the wind power project, in megawatts (MW). Producer Defined -9999 -9999 values in the shapefile and blank values in the CSV indicate no known value. Producer Defined 0.05 1055.6 Megawatts t_manu Turbine manufacturer - name of the original equipment manufacturer of the turbine. Producer Defined missing "missing" values in the shapefile and blank values in the CSV indicate unknown values. Producer Defined Name of the original equipment manufacturer (e.g., Vestas, Siemens, Suzlon, etc.). t_model Turbine model - manufacturer's model name of each turbine. Producer Defined missing "missing" values in the shapefile and blank values in the CSV are unknown. Producer Defined Manufacturer's model name of each turbine (e.g., 1.5SLE, V100_1.8, Z50, etc.). t_cap Turbine rated capacity in kilowatts (kW). The manufacturer's stated output power at rated wind speed. Data from ACP (formerly AWEA), manufacturer data, and/or other internet resources. Producer Defined -9999 -9999 values in the shapefile and blank values in the CSV indicate no known value. Producer Defined 50 13000 kilowatt t_hh Turbine hub height in meters (m). Data from ACP (formerly AWEA), manufacturer data, and/or other internet resources. Producer Defined -9999 -9999 values in the shapefile and blank values in the CSV indicate no known value. Producer Defined 19.0 140.0 meter t_rd Turbine rotor diameter in meters (m). Producer Defined -9999 -9999 values in the shapefile and blank values in the CSV indicate no known value. Producer Defined 13.4 200.0 meter t_rsa Turbine rotor swept area in square meters (m^2); calculated as 3.14159 (([rotor_dia]/2)*([rotor_dia] /2)). Producer Defined -9999 -9999 values in the shapefile and blank values in the CSV indicate no known value. Producer Defined 141.26 31415.93 square meter t_ttlh Turbine total height - height of the entire wind turbine from the ground to the tip of a vertically extended blade above the tower. Computed as the hub height plus half of the rotor diameter, in meters, when t_hh and t_rd are non-missing. Otherwise, the total height as provided by the FAA DOF or FAA OE/AAA is used, which can be considered a maximum height. Producer Defined -9999 -9999 values in the shapefile and blank values in the CSV indicate no known value. Producer Defined 31.1 240.0 meter t_retrofit Indicator of whether the turbine has been partially retrofitted after initial construction (e.g., rotor and/or nacelle replacement). Producer Defined 0 No known retrofit. Producer Defined 1 Yes known retrofit. Producer Defined t_retro_yr Year in which the turbine was partially retrofitted. Producer Defined -9999 -9999 values in the shapefile and blank values in the CSV indicate that the turbine was not retrofitted or the year of retrofit is unknown. Producer Defined 2015 2024 Year t_offshore Indicator of whether the turbine is offshore. Producer Defined 0 Not offshore. Producer Defined 1 Offshore. Producer Defined t_conf_atr Level of confidence in the turbine's attributes, from low to high. Producer Defined 1 No confidence: no information found. Producer Defined 2 Partial confidence: incomplete information or discrepancies across data sources or other issues found. Producer Defined 3 Full confidence: consistent information across multiple data sources. Producer Defined t_conf_loc Level of confidence in the turbine's location, from low to high. Producer Defined 1 No confidence: nothing on image, image has clouds, never built, previously removed, needs newer imagery. Producer Defined 2 Partial confidence: image shows developed pad with base and/or turbine parts on ground. Producer Defined 3 Full confidence: image shows an installed turbine or tower being constructed; the tower is at least partially present with neighboring turbines constructed. Producer Defined t_img_date Acquisition date of the aerial image used to confirm the facility location, usually as provided by the image vendor. Note: if NAIP is the image source, the month and day were set to 01/01. Producer Defined Null Null values in the shapefile and blank values in the CSV indicate no known value. Producer Defined 01/01/2006 01/01/2013 date t_img_src Source of the image used to visually verify the turbine location. Producer Defined Bing Maps Aerial ESRI ArcMap Base maps, available from ESRI ArcMap. Producer Defined Planet Planet imagery, available from https://www.planet.com/. Producer Defined Maxar Geospatial Platform (GEGD Pro) https://maxar.com/maxar-intelligence/products/mgp-pro. Producer Defined Google Earth https://www.google.com/earth/versions/#earth-pro. Producer Defined NAIP National Agriculture Imagery Program County Mosaics from https://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/. Producer Defined xlong Current longitude of the turbine point, in decimal degrees calculated in ArcMap using GCS: North American 1983 (NAD 83). Producer Defined -171.713074 144.722656 decimal degrees ylat Current latitude of the turbine point, in decimal degrees calculated in ArcMap using GCS: North American 1983 (NAD 83). Producer Defined 13.389381 70.209711 decimal degrees Associated files have a naming convention by current version and date. Files include shapefile, CSV, FGDC-compliant metadata, and a changelog. The suggested citation for use in academic papers and otherwise where applicable is as follows: Hoen, B.D., Diffendorfer, J.E., Rand, J.T., Kramer, L.A., Garrity, C.P., and Hunt, H.E., 2018, United States Wind Turbine Database (ver. X.X, Month YYYY): U.S. Geological Survey, American Clean Power Association, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7TX3DN0. U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Mailing address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata, and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. While these data are believed to contain accurate information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, nor The Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of California. Digital Data https://doi.org/10.5066/F7TX3DN0 None 20251217 Louisa Kramer Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center GIScience Mailing address

12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Mail Stop 954

Reston VA 20192 United States 703-648-6426 703-648-6419 GS-USWTDB@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998