Robert J. Dusek
Robert G. McLean
Laura D. Kramer
Sonia R. Ubico
Alan P. Dupuis II
Gregory D. Ebel
Stephen Guptill
20151006
Prevalence of West Nile virus in migratory birds during spring and fall migration, 2001-2003
Excel spreadsheet (.xlsx, v. 2010) and comma separate value text file (.csv)
Reston, VA
U. S. Geological Survey
https://doi.org/10.5066/F76D5R12
Robert J. Dusek
Robert G. McLean
Laura D. Kramer
Sonya R. Ubico
Alan P. Dupuis II
Gregory D. Ebel
Stephen C. Guptill
2009
Prevalence of West Nile virus in migratory birds during spring and fall migration
Analyzed/summarized
America Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0106
To investigate the role of migratory birds in the dissemination of West Nile virus (WNV), we measured the prevalence of infectious WNV and specific WNV neutralizing antibodies in birds, principally Passeriformes, during spring and fall migrations in the Atlantic and Mississippi flyways from 2001-2003. Blood samples were obtained from 13,403 birds, representing 133 species. Specific WNV neutralizing antibody was detected in 254 resident and migratory birds, representing 39 species, and was most commonly detected in northern cardinals ( Cardinalis cardinalis ) (9.8%, N = 762) and gray catbirds ( Dumetella carolinensis ) (3.2%, N = 3188). West Nile virus viremias were detected in 19 birds, including 8 gray catbirds, and only during the fall migratory period. These results provide additional evidence that migratory birds may have been a principal agent for the spread of WNV in North America and provide data on the occurrence of WNV in a variety of bird species.
The data were collected to evaluate the hypothesis that migratory birds are an important factor in the movement of WNV in North America. Birds were sampled at stopover sites along migration corridors for diagnostic evidence of current and past WNV infection.
2001
2003
ground condition
None planned
-93.383789062348
-69.125976563317
46.720734710187
23.538408032247
Sampling sites were located along the Atlantic and Mississippi flyways. Exact locations are described in the associated data, data dictionary, and published paper.
USGS Thesaurus
birds
viruses
zoonotic disease
wildlife disease
disease vectors
wildlife
migration (organisms)
flyways
USGS Metadata Identifier
USGS:5633bf0de4b048076347f025
None
United States
Atlantic migratory bird flyway
Mississippi migratory bird flyway
None
None
None
None
none
Acknowledgement of National Wildlife Health Center, U. S. Geological Survey and/or its partners is requested in products derived from these data.
Robert J. Dusek
U. S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center
mailing and physical
6006 Schroeder Rd.
Madison
WI
53711
USA
608-270-2415
rdusek@usgs.gov
Acknowledgments: The authors thank the many people who helped with this project. R. Lord, T. Barnes, K. Cutrera, D. Berndt, K. Morris, A. Hammond, L. DeGroot, H. Gutzman, K. Stumpf, D. Licata, K. Wright, N. Ramsey, K. Cranker, D. Roberts, J. Floyd, M. Daniels, J. Peterla, and E. Tillman provided assistance with field sampling; J. Maffei for his assistance with cell culture, and the Wadsworth Center for tissue culture. The authors thank all the institutions that allowed access to their properties, including Great Meadows National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Wertheim NWR, Gateway National Recreation Area, Cape May NWR, Chincoteague NWR, Croatan National Forest, Camp Lejuene Marine Corps Base, Cape Lookout National Seashore, Savannah NWR, St. Marks NWR, The City of Key West, Homestead Air Force Base, J. N. Ding Darling NWR, Merritt Island NWR, Goose Island State Park, Hixon Forest State Park, Great River NWR, Shelby Farms County Park, Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park, Southeast Louisiana NWR. We thank F. Ford, C. Snell, M. Rikard, R. Webb, H. Marrow, J. Reinman, B. Luebke, H. Shclegel, E. Ailes, T. Penn, C. Parker, L. Lacy, C. Chambers, J. Nissen, M. Kofman, M. Maghini, D. Reipi, G. Frame, S. Smith, S. Koch, S. Hanna, and L. Hillmann for logistical support.
USGS Biocomplexity Thesaurus
Birds
P. Pyle
1997
Identification Guide to North American Birds. Part I
BOOK
Bolinas, CA
Slate Creek Press
P. Pyle
1997
Identification Guide to North American Birds. Part I
Excel spreadsheet (.xlsx, v. 2010) and comma separate value text file (.csv)
Bolinas, CA
Slate Creek Press
Robert J. Dusek
U. S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center
mailing and physical
6006 Schroeder Rd.
Madison
WI
53711
USA
608-270-2415
rdusek@usgs.gov
identification keys
All birds captured were identified to species by experienced professional biologists using morphologic identification guides. Age and sex were determined by visual assessment for species with reliable plumage markers relatedthese demographic variables.
mostly from the order Passeriformes but it also includes a number of other avian orders as well (but not all of them
Kingdom
Animalia
Subkingdom
Bilateria
Infrakingdom
Deuterostomia
Phylum
Chordata
Subphylum
Vertebrata
Infraphylum
Gnathostomata
Superclass
Tetrapoda
Class
Aves
Birds
oiseaux
Order
Accipitriformes
Order
Anseriformes
Order
Apodiformes
Order
Apterygiformes
Order
Bucerotiformes
Order
Caprimulgiformes
Order
Cariamiformes
Order
Casuariiformes
Order
Charadriiformes
Order
Ciconiiformes
Order
Coliiformes
Order
Columbiformes
Order
Coraciiformes
Order
Cuculiformes
Order
Eurypygiformes
Order
Falconiformes
Order
Galliformes
Order
Gaviiformes
Order
Gruiformes
Order
Leptosomiformes
Order
Mesitornithiformes
Order
Musophagiformes
Order
Opisthocomiformes
Order
Otidiformes
Order
Passeriformes
Order
Pelecaniformes
Order
Phaethontiformes
Order
Phoenicopteriformes
Order
Piciformes
Order
Podicipediformes
Order
Procellariiformes
Order
Psittaciformes
Order
Pteroclidiformes
Order
Rheiformes
Order
Sphenisciformes
Order
Strigiformes
Order
Struthioniformes
Order
Suliformes
Order
Tinamiformes
Order
Trogoniformes
Analysis of seroprevalence for all seasons combined was done using Pearson Chi^2 to test for differences in seroprevalence among the seasons. In addition, Cochrans Linear Trend test was used to determine whether there was an increasing (or decreasing) trend in seroprevalence between seasons. Further analysis of seasonal prevalence comparisons among pairs of consecutive seasons (Spring 2001 versus Fall 2001, Fall 2001 versus Spring 2002, etc.), for age and sex, and for seasonal comparisons for individual species was done by calculating the z statistic and P value using SYSTAT's test for proportions. Ages that included unknown (U) in the fall and after hatchyear (AHY) in the spring were not included in the analysis by age because they were default categories for birds that could not be aged. For the comparisons of Spring 2001 versus Fall 2001 and of Fall 2001 versus Spring 2002, only Atlantic flyway data were used as sampling in the Mississippi flyway was not initiated until Spring 2002. However, data from the two flyways were combined beginning with Spring 2002 versus Fall 2002 comparisons.
Systat, 2007. SYSTAT 12 Statistics - I. San Jose, CA: SYSTAT Software, Inc.
http://www.systat.com/
SYSTAT is a proprietary software package that can be purchased from the distributor.
SYSTAT Software, Inc.
2007
SYSTAT 12 Statistics - I
SYSTAT is a statistical analysis and graphics software.
Data on bird capture and banding were entered into a database and reported to the bird banding lab for independent accuracy assessments.
Laboratory tests were run with standard quality control/quality assurance procedures performed by the contract facility performing the analyses (Wadsworth Center, New York Public Health Department; http://www.wadsworth.org/docs/overview_lab_quality.shtml).
No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted
Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details.
No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted
No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted
Data were collected in the field professional biologists during 2001-2003 and serologic testing was performed by a service laboratory.
2001
both
Birds were sampled at 14 study sites along the Atlantic flyway, from 2001 to 2003, and 7 study sites along the Mississippi flyway, from 2002 to 2003. All sampling occurred between April 2 and May 26 (spring) and August 31 and October 21 (fall) to correlate with peak northward and southward migrations of passerine birds. During spring migration field crews began sampling efforts at southern study sites and then moved northward; during fall migration field crews began sampling efforts at northern study sites then moved southward. In general, the goal at each location was a minimum of 4 days of sampling or 200 samples. The duration of the trapping varied depending on location, flyway, bird movements, weather, and timing of migration.
Birds were captured using mist nets (6, 9, and 12 m length 2 m height, 4 panels, 36-38 mm mesh) suspended approximately 0.3 m from the ground to the nets maximum height. Nets were placed at suitable sites for the passive capture of passerine birds. The number of nets used depended on bird activity at each location and ranged from 4 to 25. Processing of captured birds included species identification, determination of sex and age, banding with U.S. Geographical Survey (USGS) aluminum bands, and blood collection (Pyle 1997). Individual birds that were recaptured at the original site within the same sampling season were released and not sampled a second time and were not included in any recapture analysis; recaptured birds previously captured in other sampling seasons, or at other sites, were sampled.
Blood was primarily collected by jugular venipuncture from each bird using a sterile needle and syringe and the volume of the whole blood sample was recorded. In a limited number of cases blood was collected via the brachial vein. Blood sample volumes collected varied depending on the size of the bird and ranged from 0.01 to 1 mL but did not exceed 1% of body weight. All blood samples were immediately mixed with 0.9 mL BA-1 medium (M199 medium with Hank's salts and Tris HCl [with 7.5% sodium bicarbonate], 20% bovine serum albumin, 20% fetal bovine serum, Penicillin-Streptomycin, 100x, and Fungizone) in a labeled polystyrene centrifuge tube, allowed to sit in the shade at ambient temperature for approximately 10-15 min then held on wet ice until processing (up to 16 hr). At the end of each sampling day all blood samples were centrifuged for 10 minutes (at approximately 100 xg) to separate serum and BA-1 mixture from the red blood cells. The serum and BA-1 mixture was then decanted into a labeled cryovial and kept frozen using dry ice. At ~2-week intervals, samples were transferred to -80 degrees C laboratory freezers until shipping on dry ice for laboratory analyses. Initial field dilution of the sample was calculated by assuming a 1:1 ratio of serum to red blood cells, so a 0.2 mL sample diluted with 0.9 mL BA-1 medium resulted in an approximate field dilution of 1:10.
All serologic testing and virus isolation was conducted at the Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health. Virus isolation was attempted on all collected samples. Briefly, 0.1 mL of each sample was inoculated on a confluent monolayer of Vero (African green monkey kidney) cells. Cells were inspected daily for up to 7 days for the presence of cytopathic effect (CPE). Cultures exhibiting CPE were harvested for isolates and identified by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Virus positive samples were not titrated. Nucleotide sequencing was conducted on a 700 base pair region of envelope of the viral genome of WNV isolates. The U to C transition at nucleotide position 1442, resulting in a valine to alanine substitution at position 159 of the WNV E protein, indicated the virus belonged to the "WN02" clade. For serologic testing all samples were screened for anti-flavivirus antibody by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Flavivirus positive ELISA samples were then tested via the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for WNV-specific and SLEV-specific neutralizing antibody and further titrated in serial 2-fold dilutions to determine the end-point titer. Serum samples that neutralized greater than or equal to 90% (PRNT 90 ) of virus were considered positive. A 4-fold or greater titer for one of the viruses indicated that particular virus as the etiologic agent for the infection. Samples that could not be differentiated by this method were deemed flavivirus positive (Lindsey, Calisher, and Matthews 1976; Ebel et al. 2002; Dupuis, Marra, and Kramer 2003; Ebel et al. 2004).
Dupuis AP II, Marra PP, Kramer LD, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus transmission, Jamaica, West Indies. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 860-863.
Ebel GD, Carricaburu J, Young D, Bernard KA, Kramer LD, 2004. Genetic and phenotypic variation of West Nile virus in New York, 20002003. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 493-500.
Ebel GD, Dupuis AP, Nicholas D, Young D, Maffei J, Kramer LD, 2002. Detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of antibodies to West Nile virus in birds. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 979-982.
Lindsey HS, Calisher CH, Matthews JH, 1976. Serum dilution neutralization test for California group virus identification and serology. J Clin Microbiol 4: 503-510.
Pyle P, 1997. Identification Guide to North American Birds. Part I .Bolinas, CA: Slate Creek Press.
Geographic Names Index System Identification Numbers (GNIS ID #)
Atlantic Flyway Sites:
Great Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, Massachusetts, USA (GNIS ID # 600154)
Wertheim National Wildlife Refuge, New York, USA (GNIS ID # 971950)
Gateway National Recreation Area, New York, USA (GNIS ID # 882894)
Cape May National Wildlife Refuge, New Jersey, USA (GNIS ID # 2765227)
Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, Virginia, USA (GNIS ID # 1464861)
Croatan National Forest, North Carolina, USA (GNIS ID # 1025848)
Cape Lookout National Seashore, North Carolina, USA (GNIS ID # 1000889)
Camp Lejeune Marine Corps Base, North Carolina, USA (GNIS ID # 2512280)
Savannah National Wildlife Refuge South Carolina, USA (GNIS ID # 322597)
St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge, Florida, USA (GNIS ID # 308408)
Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, Florida, USA (GNIS ID # 307749)
J. N. Ding Darling National Wildlife Refuge, Florida, USA (GNIS ID # 307114)
Homestead Air Force Base, Florida, USA (GNIS ID # 2512242)
Key West, Florida, USA (GNIS ID # 2404826)
Mississippi Flyway Sites:
Goose Island State Park State Park, Wisconsin, USA (GNIS ID # 1565647)
Hixon Forest State Park, Wisconsin, USA (GNIS ID # 1843294)
Mark Twain National Wildlife Refuge, Illinois, USA (GNIS ID # 420167)
Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park, Tennessee, USA (GNIS ID # 1306741)
Shelby Farms County Park, Tennessee, USA (GNIS ID # 1303556)
Bogue Chitto National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana, USA (GNIS ID # 1958396)
Big Branch National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana, USA (GNIS ID # 1951524)
Point
0.0167
0.0167
Degrees and decimal minutes
This dataset consists of one datasheet and an associated data dictionary provided in both Microsoft Excel (.xlsx, v. 2010) and comma separated value (.csv) text formats. Guidance on interpretation and use of the data dictionary is provided in a text file.
http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5066/F76D5R12
U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase
mailing and physical
Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302
Denver
CO
80225
USA
1-888-275-8747
sciencebase@usgs.gov
Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
20201016
Kathy Wesenberg
U. S. Geological Survey
Information Resource Manager
mailing and physical
6006 Schroeder Rd
Madison
WI
53711
USA
608-270-2421
kwesenberg@usgs.gov
FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
FGDC-STD-001.1-1999