Donya P. Frank-Gilchrist Allison M. Penko Joseph Calantoni Margaret L. Palmsten 20240920 1.0 raster digital data Donya P. Frank-Gilchrist Allison M. Penko Joseph Calantoni Margaret L. Palmsten 20240920 1.0 U.S. Geological Survey data release doi:10.5066/P1OUXO7S St. Petersburg, Florida U.S. Geological Survey – St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center https://doi.org/10.5066/P1OUXO7S These data comprise laboratory observations of oscillatory flows over mobile sand ripples. The data were collected January 6-7, 2016, in the small-oscillatory flow tunnel (S-OFT) in the Sediment Dynamics Laboratory at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Stennis Space Center, Mississippi (MS), while Donya Frank-Gilchrist was a National Research Council post-doctoral fellow there. The flow tunnel has a 2-m long acrylic test section which was filled with coarse quartz sand. A piston and flywheel were used to drive the oscillatory flows, from which equilibrium sand ripples developed. The experimental setup comprised of three Photron cameras and a double-pulsed Litron Nd:YAG laser, synced and sampled at 100 hertz (Hz) in double-framed mode. The fluid velocities were obtained through Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) processed with LaVision DaVis 11 software. The images were also rectified and exported from the original file format (.im7) to a non-proprietary format (Tagged Image File Format, .tif) for inclusion in this data release. For further information regarding experimental setup, methods, and results, refer to Frank-Gilchrist and others (2018, 2024). The measurements were obtained to investigate the initiation of motion and transport of sand grains over flat and rippled sand beds under oscillatory flows. These data can be further processed to produce sand grain velocities. To ensure that U.S. Geological Survey-St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center (USGS SPCMSC) data management protocols were followed, a USGS Field Activity Number was assigned (FAN) for this camera imagery collection; 2016-371-DD. Additional information about this FAN is available on the Coastal and Marine Geoscience Data System (CMGDS): https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2016-371-DD. The bounding coordinates below represent the location of the Sediment Dynamics Laboratory where the laboratory experiment was conducted at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, MS. These datasets represent the images of the sand ripple and the calculated fluid velocities measured during the laboratory experiment. More images may be added to this release as needed. 20160106 20160107 ground condition Complete As needed -89.612703 -89.612703 30.367994 30.367994 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:2e037ea4-c784-4806-b0ba-83904622c8ed ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation environment None U.S. Geological Survey USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program CMHRP St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center SPCMSC Next-Generation Total Water Level and Coastal Change Forecast USGS Thesaurus image analysis laboratory methods optical methods image collections geomorphology ocean sciences coastal processes Common Geographic Areas (CGA) Mississippi None. There are no access constraints associated with this data. None. Data are in the public domain and there are no use constraints associated with this data. Donya P. Frank-Gilchrist U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Research Physical Scientist mailing and physical

600 4th Street South

Saint Petersburg FL 33701 727-502-8000 dfrank-gilchrist@usgs.gov Environment as of metadata creation: Microsoft Windows 10 Enterprise version 22H2; LaVision DaVis 8 for image collection and calibration and DaVis 11 for image calibration refinement and output (https://www.lavision.de/en/products/davis-software/); Adobe Photoshop 2024; Phil Harvey's ExifTool version 12.84 (https://exiftool.org/); Windows PowerShell version 5.1.19041.4291. Donya P. Frank-Gilchrist Allison M. Penko Joseph Calantoni 20181001 Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology Volume 35, Issue 10 Boston, Massachusetts American Meteorological Society Pages 2019-2036 https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0054.1 Donya P. Frank-Gilchrist Margaret L. Palmsten Allison M. Penko Joseph Calantoni 20241017 Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface Volume 129, Issue 10 Online AGU Journals https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JF007620 The cameras collected 1-megapixel images with file sizes of approximately 4.80 megabytes (MB) in .im7 format (which were later converted to .tif). The images were calibrated with the two-dimensional LaVision calibration plate and the LaVision DaVis 8 and 11 software. The coordinate system and origin are relative to the placement of the calibration plate. Each pixel represents approximately 0.1 millimeters. The image intensity counts represent the 4095 light intensities from black (0) to white (4095) as captured by the cameras based on the 12-bit depth. The PIV laser and camera system were programmed to collect 2,728 double-framed images at 100 Hz per dataset, based on internal camera memory. Experiment was run five times (datasets A through E) with consistent set up and calibration between dataset runs, except for dataset E which was slightly asymmetric (Frank-Gilchrist and others, 2024). The images in each dataset represent a portion of the sand ripple within the camera field of view. Once the set of 2,728 images were collected, no measurements could occur while the data were being downloaded. Therefore, this dataset is not considered continuous between dataset runs. Additionally, the sand ripple may have migrated in the tank between each dataset such that a different section of the ripple was captured in the camera field of view for the subsequent dataset. This product is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Experimental setup and calibration: The experiment was conducted in small-oscillatory flow tunnel at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, MS. The experimental setup (the PIV system) is comprised of three Photron cameras and a double-pulsed Litron Nd:YAG laser, synced and sampled at 100 Hz in double-framed mode. For more information about experimental setup, refer to Frank-Gilchrist and others (2018). After the cameras were mounted and adjusted for optimum focus with the laser light, the intrinsic camera calibration images were then taken of the LaVision 3-dimensional, two-level calibration plate. LaVision DaVis 8 software was used to rectify and calibrate the images of setup. 20160105 Donya P. Frank-Gilchrist U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center mailing and physical

600 4th Street South

St Petersburg FL 33710 USA 727-502-8000 dfrank-gilchrist@usgs.gov Image collection: The cameras were programmed to collect 2,728 double-framed images at 100 Hz with 2000 microseconds between each image of the pair. The camera images were synced with the laser firing, as is the typical setup for the PIV system. The images included in this data release were collected from January 6 – 7, 2016. Upon collection, images were stored in .im7 format and then further calibrated and exported to bitmap (.bmp) format using DaVis 11. The experiment was run five times (datasets A through E). For each run, files were automatically named by the camera setup as 'B####.bmp', numbered 0001 through 2728. Gaps exist between each dataset due to camera downtime during download of each run to the acquisition computer. During this time, the sand ripple may have migrated, and a different section of the ripple would be in the field of view for the subsequent dataset. Therefore, this dataset is not considered continuous between dataset runs. For more information about experimental methods and results, refer to Frank-Gilchrist and others (2018). 20160107 B####.bmp Donya Frank-Gilchrist U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center mailing and physical

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33710 USA 727-502-8000 dfrank-gilchrist@usgs.gov Image conversion: The 2,728 images per dataset (A through E) were then converted from .bmp to .tif images in Adobe Photoshop. Original filenames were retained, and the images were organized into zip files per data set run (i.e., DatasetA_Images.zip). B####.bmp 20240501 B####.tif Donya Frank-Gilchrist U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center mailing and physical

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33710 USA 727-502-8000 dfrank-gilchrist@usgs.gov Populating image headers: The images were processed to add additional information required by the USGS to add exchangeable image file format (EXIF) metadata to each image. The images (TIF) were given EXIF header information using Phil Harvey's ExifTool version 12.84. The following scripts were executed on a folder of images (datasets A through E) in Windows PowerShell: First, the following command was run on all images in a folder to preserve filenames: exiftool -P "-XMP:PreservedFileName<Filename" *.TIF Second, the following command was run on all images in a folder to populate the first set of headers: exiftool -IPTC:Credit="U.S. Geological Survey" -IPTC:Contact="gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov" -EXIF:Copyright="Public Domain" -XMP:UsageTerms="Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty." -EXIF:ImageDescription="https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2016-371-DD; Laboratory observations of sand transport over ripples at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi. Data were collected on January 6–7, 2016." -XMP:AttributionURL="https://doi.org/10.5066/P1OUXO7S" -XMP:ExternalMetadataLink="https://www1.usgs.gov/pir/api/identifiers/USGS:2e037ea4-c784-4806-b0ba-83904622c8ed" -EXIF:Artist="Donya Frank-Gilchrist (USGS), former National Research Council Post-Doctoral Fellow at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory" -EXIF:Make="Laser: Litron, Cameras: Photron" -EXIF:Model="Lasers: Nano L Nd:YAG, Cameras: FASTCAM SA1.1" -sep ";" -IPTC:Keywords="sand ripples; sand transport; particle image velocimetry; oscillatory flows; nearshore processes; coastal processes; coastal hydrodynamics; coastal sediment transport; coastal morphodynamics; wave processes; fluid vortices" -overwrite_original -P *.TIF Fourth, the following command run on all images in a folder to copy information into duplicate tags: exiftool "-XMP-photoshop:Credit<IPTC:Credit" "-XMP-iptcCore:CreatorWorkEmail<IPTC:Contact" "-XMP-dc:Rights<EXIF:Copyright" "-XMP-dc:Description<EXIF:ImageDescription" -overwrite_original -P *.TIF To read out the complete imagery header information to a comma-separated values (CSV) file, run the following command line script: 'exiftool -csv *.tif > allheaders.csv'. Specific tags may be specified with this command, if preferred. 20240626 B####.tif Breanna N. Williams U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center mailing and physical

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg Florida 33701 USA 727-502-8000 bnwilliams@usgs.gov A total of 13,640 Tag Image File Format (.tif) images are included in this release. Data were obtained during a laboratory experiment at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, MS, from January 6-7, 2016. The experiment was run five times and labeled as DatasetA through DatasetE for inclusion in this data release. Each run contains 2,728 images, named B####.tif (numbered 0001 through 2728) and are organized into zip files per dataset run. Users are advised to read the imagery header metadata, along with the experimental methods and results published in Frank-Gilchrist and others (2018) for more information about the dataset. The entity and attribute information were generated by the individual and/or agency identified as the originator of the dataset. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information. USGS SPCMSC Data Management Group U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center mailing and physical

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg Florida 33701 USA 727-502-8000 gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov B####.tif Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. TIFF https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P1OUXO7S/data/DatasetA_Images.zip https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P1OUXO7S/data/DatasetB_Images.zip https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P1OUXO7S/data/DatasetC_Images.zip https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P1OUXO7S/data/DatasetD_Images.zip https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P1OUXO7S/data/DatasetE_Images.zip None 20241022 USGS SPCMSC Data Management Group U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center mailing and physical

600 4th Street South

Saint Petersburg FL 33701 727-502-8000 gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998